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<p>Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have emerged as powerful tools for biochemical and chemical sensing due to their compactness and high sensitivity. However, conventional single-mode PCF-SPR designs often suffer from limited spectral resolution, low figure of merit (FOM), and poor multi-analyte detection capability. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel dual-mode D-shaped PCF-SPR sensor incorporating a hybrid plasmonic interface composed of gold and monolayer graphene. The sensor is specifically engineered to support both x- and y-polarized modes by introducing structural anisotropy and optimizing core–metal proximity. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were employed to evaluate the confinement loss, resonance wavelength shift, birefringence, and electric field distribution. The optimized design demonstrates a high refractive index sensitivity of 1766&#xa0;nm/RIU, a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 10.4&#xa0;nm, and an exceptional FOM of 169.8 RIU⁻¹. Strong polarization birefringence and distinct dual-mode resonance peaks allow simultaneous or cross-validated multi-analyte detection. Enhanced field confinement at the graphene–gold interface improves interaction with surface-bound molecules, increasing selectivity and signal clarity. These results confirm the sensor’s potential for deployment in real-time biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and portable lab-on-fibre platforms.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Highly sensitive dual-mode D-shaped photonic crystal fiber SPR sensor with gold–graphene hybrid interface

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • N. Nandhagopal,
  • A. Vasantharaj,
  • M. Dharmalingam,
  • B. Balasubramanian,
  • Kamalraj Subramaniam,
  • Cyril Mathew O.,
  • A. Rajaram

摘要

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have emerged as powerful tools for biochemical and chemical sensing due to their compactness and high sensitivity. However, conventional single-mode PCF-SPR designs often suffer from limited spectral resolution, low figure of merit (FOM), and poor multi-analyte detection capability. To address these challenges, this study presents a novel dual-mode D-shaped PCF-SPR sensor incorporating a hybrid plasmonic interface composed of gold and monolayer graphene. The sensor is specifically engineered to support both x- and y-polarized modes by introducing structural anisotropy and optimizing core–metal proximity. Finite element method (FEM) simulations were employed to evaluate the confinement loss, resonance wavelength shift, birefringence, and electric field distribution. The optimized design demonstrates a high refractive index sensitivity of 1766 nm/RIU, a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 10.4 nm, and an exceptional FOM of 169.8 RIU⁻¹. Strong polarization birefringence and distinct dual-mode resonance peaks allow simultaneous or cross-validated multi-analyte detection. Enhanced field confinement at the graphene–gold interface improves interaction with surface-bound molecules, increasing selectivity and signal clarity. These results confirm the sensor’s potential for deployment in real-time biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and portable lab-on-fibre platforms.

Graphical Abstract