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<p>Temporally shaped femtosecond laser fabrication has garnered significant attention in material micro/nano-processing, owing to its unique capability to manipulate localized transient electron dynamics. This study systematically compares periodic ripple formation on Ti surface induced by Gaussian pulses versus Fabry-Pérot cavity-generated pulse trains, revealing that pulse trains enable wider parameter ranges of laser fluence and scanning speed for fabricating regular periodic ripples. We have researched the formation of periodic ripples by varying laser parameters, including sub-pulse delay time, and the optimal conditions for generating uniform periodic ripples was found with sub-pulse delay of 100 ps, laser fluences of 0.22–0.27&#xa0;J/cm², and scanning speed of 5–15&#xa0;mm/s. Meanwhile, it is found that the ripple period can be modulated by changing the sub-pulse delay time, which initially increases from 722&#xa0;nm at the delay time of 5 ps to 850&#xa0;nm at 100 ps, then decreases to 742&#xa0;nm at 1000 ps. Two-temperature model simulations show pulse trains can maintain prolonged high-temperature distributions on Ti surface. Consequently, the periodic energy distribution persists for an extended duration, creating more favorable conditions for the formation of periodic ripples when using pulse trains. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the formation of periodic nanostructures under femtosecond laser irradiation.</p>

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Femtosecond laser pulse trains induced periodic ripple structures on Ti surface

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Jukun Liu,
  • Zongnian Lu,
  • Jiali Yao,
  • Hongwei Zhao,
  • Xu Zhao

摘要

Temporally shaped femtosecond laser fabrication has garnered significant attention in material micro/nano-processing, owing to its unique capability to manipulate localized transient electron dynamics. This study systematically compares periodic ripple formation on Ti surface induced by Gaussian pulses versus Fabry-Pérot cavity-generated pulse trains, revealing that pulse trains enable wider parameter ranges of laser fluence and scanning speed for fabricating regular periodic ripples. We have researched the formation of periodic ripples by varying laser parameters, including sub-pulse delay time, and the optimal conditions for generating uniform periodic ripples was found with sub-pulse delay of 100 ps, laser fluences of 0.22–0.27 J/cm², and scanning speed of 5–15 mm/s. Meanwhile, it is found that the ripple period can be modulated by changing the sub-pulse delay time, which initially increases from 722 nm at the delay time of 5 ps to 850 nm at 100 ps, then decreases to 742 nm at 1000 ps. Two-temperature model simulations show pulse trains can maintain prolonged high-temperature distributions on Ti surface. Consequently, the periodic energy distribution persists for an extended duration, creating more favorable conditions for the formation of periodic ripples when using pulse trains. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the formation of periodic nanostructures under femtosecond laser irradiation.