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<p>Thin films used in solar cells are frequently exposed to harsh environmental conditions, particularly elevated temperatures and humidity, as encountered in applications such as space exploration, deserts installations, floating systems, and residential rooftops. Perovskite solar cells are currently represent the most efficient thin-film photovoltaic technology; however, they face two major challenges - lead toxicity and long-term efficiency degradation. To address these issues, researchers have investigated bismuth as a non-toxic alternative to lead due to its comparable electronic configuration. In this study, the thermal stability of bismuth-based perovskite thin films was systematically evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions by subjecting the samples to different temperatures (RT, 30&#xa0;°C, 80&#xa0;°C, 120&#xa0;°C, 160&#xa0;°C, and 200&#xa0;°C). Structural, optical, and morphological analyses (XRD, UV–Vis, SEM, and EDS) revealed that degradation begins at approximately 120&#xa0;°C. This observation indicates that high-temperature processing during perovskite solar cell fabrication can compromise the absorber layer, thereby reducing overall device performance. Moreover, moderate heating resulted in homogeneous porous structures within the films, suggesting potential applicability in other electronic and optoelectronic devices where porosity is advantageous.</p>

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Thermal stability and structural evolution of lead-free MA3Bi2I9 perovskite thin films fabricated by thermal evaporation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Gökhan Yılmaz,
  • Asuman Koçu

摘要

Thin films used in solar cells are frequently exposed to harsh environmental conditions, particularly elevated temperatures and humidity, as encountered in applications such as space exploration, deserts installations, floating systems, and residential rooftops. Perovskite solar cells are currently represent the most efficient thin-film photovoltaic technology; however, they face two major challenges - lead toxicity and long-term efficiency degradation. To address these issues, researchers have investigated bismuth as a non-toxic alternative to lead due to its comparable electronic configuration. In this study, the thermal stability of bismuth-based perovskite thin films was systematically evaluated under controlled laboratory conditions by subjecting the samples to different temperatures (RT, 30 °C, 80 °C, 120 °C, 160 °C, and 200 °C). Structural, optical, and morphological analyses (XRD, UV–Vis, SEM, and EDS) revealed that degradation begins at approximately 120 °C. This observation indicates that high-temperature processing during perovskite solar cell fabrication can compromise the absorber layer, thereby reducing overall device performance. Moreover, moderate heating resulted in homogeneous porous structures within the films, suggesting potential applicability in other electronic and optoelectronic devices where porosity is advantageous.