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<p>The present investigation examines how synthesis pathway induced morphology governs the structural, optical, and electrical performance of CTAB templated bismuth oxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) microstructures. Hydrothermal and sonochemical strategies were adopted using bismuth nitrate as the precursor and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the soft template, followed by calcination at 350&#xa0;°C, 450&#xa0;°C, and 550&#xa0;°C. XRD confirmed the stabilization of monoclinic α- Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in all samples, with crystallite dimensions in the narrow range of 27–28&#xa0;nm. FESEM observations revealed pronounced route-dependent microstructural variations. The sonochemically processed sample calcined at 550&#xa0;°C (CTPS550) exhibited enhanced grain growth with a broader size distribution, yielding an average grain dimension of 1.59&#xa0;μm (σ = 0.4301). In contrast, the hydrothermally synthesized sample (CTAC550) showed a more confined distribution centered at 1.14&#xa0;μm (σ = 0.2938), indicating restricted grain evolution. These morphological differences directly influenced the optoelectronic response, as reflected by optical band gap values of 2.75&#xa0;eV for CTAC550 and 2.81&#xa0;eV for CTPS550, demonstrating morphology-driven shifts in electronic transitions. Improved grain uniformity, dense packing, and superior crystallinity in CTPS550 translated into enhanced electrical performance. Impedance analysis revealed lower activation energy, stable charge transport, and an improved dielectric response relative to CTAC550. The σ<sub>dc</sub> conductivity of CTPS550 increased from 2.32 to 11.43 × 10<sup>− 7</sup> (Ωm)<sup>−1</sup> over the 25–75&#xa0;°C interval, with both samples exhibiting negative temperature coefficient resistance behavior. Nyquist plots highlighted the combined contribution of grains and interfaces to conduction, while dielectric relaxation followed a non-Debye response (α &lt; 1) described by the Cole–Cole formalism. Charge transport was governed by non-overlapping small polaron tunneling, underscoring the role of synthesis route and thermal treatment in tailoring CTAB-templated Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> for optoelectronic and energy storage applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Soft templated dual mode synthesis of Bi2O3 microstructures: exploring morphology-driven electrical and dielectric performance via impedance spectroscopy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Aarti Sharma,
  • Shubhpreet Kaur,
  • R. K. Sharma,
  • Dhiraj Sud

摘要

The present investigation examines how synthesis pathway induced morphology governs the structural, optical, and electrical performance of CTAB templated bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) microstructures. Hydrothermal and sonochemical strategies were adopted using bismuth nitrate as the precursor and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the soft template, followed by calcination at 350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C. XRD confirmed the stabilization of monoclinic α- Bi2O3 in all samples, with crystallite dimensions in the narrow range of 27–28 nm. FESEM observations revealed pronounced route-dependent microstructural variations. The sonochemically processed sample calcined at 550 °C (CTPS550) exhibited enhanced grain growth with a broader size distribution, yielding an average grain dimension of 1.59 μm (σ = 0.4301). In contrast, the hydrothermally synthesized sample (CTAC550) showed a more confined distribution centered at 1.14 μm (σ = 0.2938), indicating restricted grain evolution. These morphological differences directly influenced the optoelectronic response, as reflected by optical band gap values of 2.75 eV for CTAC550 and 2.81 eV for CTPS550, demonstrating morphology-driven shifts in electronic transitions. Improved grain uniformity, dense packing, and superior crystallinity in CTPS550 translated into enhanced electrical performance. Impedance analysis revealed lower activation energy, stable charge transport, and an improved dielectric response relative to CTAC550. The σdc conductivity of CTPS550 increased from 2.32 to 11.43 × 10− 7 (Ωm)−1 over the 25–75 °C interval, with both samples exhibiting negative temperature coefficient resistance behavior. Nyquist plots highlighted the combined contribution of grains and interfaces to conduction, while dielectric relaxation followed a non-Debye response (α < 1) described by the Cole–Cole formalism. Charge transport was governed by non-overlapping small polaron tunneling, underscoring the role of synthesis route and thermal treatment in tailoring CTAB-templated Bi2O3 for optoelectronic and energy storage applications.

Graphical abstract