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<p>In this study, pristine and Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures (2–6 vol% Fe) were synthesized via the co-precipitation method and labelled as Zn@2Fe, Zn@4Fe, and Zn@6Fe. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of polycrystalline ZnO with a hexagonal wurtzite structure. FESEM and HRTEM revealed well-defined, uniformly distributed hexagonal nanorods, which exhibited superior crystallinity and surface morphology. FTIR confirmed the effective integration of Fe<sup>3+</sup> into the ZnO crystal lattice, while UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a blueshift and band gap widening from 3.41&#xa0;eV (pure ZnO) to 3.16&#xa0;eV (Zn@2Fe). BET analysis indicated increased surface area and porosity upon Fe doping, enhancing gas adsorption capacity. Among the samples, Zn@2Fe exhibited the best NO<sub>2</sub> sensing performance, with a maximum response of 6.5 at 180&#xa0;°C, demonstrating good selectivity, stability, and rapid response-recovery time. The sensor showed a linear response over the 1–20 ppm NO<sub>2</sub> range and maintained consistent performance across multiple cycles. The enhanced sensing properties are attributed to increased surface reactivity, the formation of oxygen vacancies, and Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup> redox interactions. These results establish Zn@2Fe as a promising material for high-performance NO<sub>2</sub> gas sensors.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Low-cost synthesis of Fe-doped ZnO nanorods for enhanced monitoring of toxic NO2 gas at low concentrations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月16日

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  • Satyajit S. Kamble,
  • Vishal S. Kamble,
  • Madhuri S. Barge,
  • Kaustubh A. Mundhe,
  • Vijay N. Pawar

摘要

In this study, pristine and Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures (2–6 vol% Fe) were synthesized via the co-precipitation method and labelled as Zn@2Fe, Zn@4Fe, and Zn@6Fe. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of polycrystalline ZnO with a hexagonal wurtzite structure. FESEM and HRTEM revealed well-defined, uniformly distributed hexagonal nanorods, which exhibited superior crystallinity and surface morphology. FTIR confirmed the effective integration of Fe3+ into the ZnO crystal lattice, while UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a blueshift and band gap widening from 3.41 eV (pure ZnO) to 3.16 eV (Zn@2Fe). BET analysis indicated increased surface area and porosity upon Fe doping, enhancing gas adsorption capacity. Among the samples, Zn@2Fe exhibited the best NO2 sensing performance, with a maximum response of 6.5 at 180 °C, demonstrating good selectivity, stability, and rapid response-recovery time. The sensor showed a linear response over the 1–20 ppm NO2 range and maintained consistent performance across multiple cycles. The enhanced sensing properties are attributed to increased surface reactivity, the formation of oxygen vacancies, and Fe3+/Fe2+ redox interactions. These results establish Zn@2Fe as a promising material for high-performance NO2 gas sensors.

Graphical Abstract