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<p>Green fabrication of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in the presence of clove oil and surfactants is an innovative approach towards conservation of archaeological stone materials. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide-based consolidants on archaeological stone conservation. Nanostructured calcium hydrates (NCH) were prepared using antioxidants from <i>syzygium aromaticum L</i> as an eco-friendly strategy. Calcium hydrates have plate-like crystals; however, they form spherical nanosized particles in the presence of surfactants. The effect of nature of the head group and hydrophobicity of surface-active agent on the particle size and homogeneity of the system was studied. The system was thoroughly analyzed using several techniques. The average effective diameter obtained by dynamic laser light scattering was between 82 and 191&#xa0;nm. The transmission electron microscopy images revealed the sizes ranging between 40 and 75&#xa0;nm. The crystallite sizes calculated using the X-Ray Diffraction data were between 25 and 44&#xa0;nm. It was concluded that NCH synthesized by the addition of anionic and nonionic surfactants had relatively smaller sizes compare to those synthesized by the addition of cationic and zwitterionic surfactants as evident from above results. Before using the synthesized Nano hydrates for stone conservation, their antimicrobial activity and capability of degrading contaminants through aid of diffused light were studied as possession of these traits enhances the effectiveness of consolidants in archeological conservation. Thus, these Nano Calcium hydrates can be effectively applied for Conservation of archaeological stone Monuments as they are expected to have enhanced optical, mechanical and thermal properties. </p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Clove oil and surfactant-based green synthesis and characterization of nano calcium hydrates for application in stone conservation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月12日

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  • Seemab Pervaiz,
  • Asghar Afridi,
  • Syed Waqar Hussain Shah,
  • Muniba Jadoon,
  • Amir Zada,
  • Shohreh Azizi

摘要

Green fabrication of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in the presence of clove oil and surfactants is an innovative approach towards conservation of archaeological stone materials. The purpose of the current study is to determine the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide-based consolidants on archaeological stone conservation. Nanostructured calcium hydrates (NCH) were prepared using antioxidants from syzygium aromaticum L as an eco-friendly strategy. Calcium hydrates have plate-like crystals; however, they form spherical nanosized particles in the presence of surfactants. The effect of nature of the head group and hydrophobicity of surface-active agent on the particle size and homogeneity of the system was studied. The system was thoroughly analyzed using several techniques. The average effective diameter obtained by dynamic laser light scattering was between 82 and 191 nm. The transmission electron microscopy images revealed the sizes ranging between 40 and 75 nm. The crystallite sizes calculated using the X-Ray Diffraction data were between 25 and 44 nm. It was concluded that NCH synthesized by the addition of anionic and nonionic surfactants had relatively smaller sizes compare to those synthesized by the addition of cationic and zwitterionic surfactants as evident from above results. Before using the synthesized Nano hydrates for stone conservation, their antimicrobial activity and capability of degrading contaminants through aid of diffused light were studied as possession of these traits enhances the effectiveness of consolidants in archeological conservation. Thus, these Nano Calcium hydrates can be effectively applied for Conservation of archaeological stone Monuments as they are expected to have enhanced optical, mechanical and thermal properties.

Graphical abstract