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<p>Betavoltaic batteries are gaining increasing attention as promising long-lifetime power sources for micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (M/NEMS), owing to their high energy density and radiation tolerance. In this study, we present a comprehensive simulation-based analysis of a novel graphene-based (graphene/Si) betavoltaic cell powered by a <sup>63</sup>Ni radioisotope source. Two device configurations graphene/n<sup>−</sup>/n<sup>+</sup>-Si and graphene/p<sup>−</sup>/p<sup>+</sup>-Si are investigated using Monte Carlo and numerical modeling techniques to evaluate charge generation and transport mechanisms. Critical design parameters, including doping concentration, intrinsic layer thickness in semiconductor, and graphene work function, are systematically optimized to determine their effects on device performance and efficiency limits. The simulation results reveal that the work function of graphene and the doping level of the lightly doped Si region significantly influence the electrical output. Under the condition of a lightly doped Si layer with thickness of 30&#xa0;μm and doping concentration of 1 × 10<sup>12</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>, the n-graphene/p<sup>−</sup>/p<sup>+</sup>-Si Schottky junction with metallic dopants achieves superior performance, delivering a short-circuit current density (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{J}_{SC}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of 88 nA/cm², open-circuit voltage (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{V}_{OC}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of 2.2&#xa0;V, maximum output power density (<InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{p}_{max}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of 175 nW/cm², fill factor (<i>FF</i>) of 0.93, and an energy conversion efficiency (<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\eta\:\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of 8.5%. These findings provide valuable theoretical insights for the structural design and optimization of graphene/Si betavoltaic energy sources. The critical role of graphene’s electronic properties and its semiconductor doping in optimizing betavoltaic device performance, offering a pathway for the development of compact, efficient, and durable nuclear micro-power sources.</p>

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Graphene-based betavoltaic cells: structure, performance and optimization strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月23日

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  • Tao Chen,
  • Zhongquan Zhou,
  • Zhanghua Wu,
  • Yunfeng Gao,
  • Yanhao Huang,
  • Yang Yang,
  • Tong Guan,
  • Xiaoyu Wang,
  • Jiaming Feng

摘要

Betavoltaic batteries are gaining increasing attention as promising long-lifetime power sources for micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (M/NEMS), owing to their high energy density and radiation tolerance. In this study, we present a comprehensive simulation-based analysis of a novel graphene-based (graphene/Si) betavoltaic cell powered by a 63Ni radioisotope source. Two device configurations graphene/n−/n+-Si and graphene/p−/p+-Si are investigated using Monte Carlo and numerical modeling techniques to evaluate charge generation and transport mechanisms. Critical design parameters, including doping concentration, intrinsic layer thickness in semiconductor, and graphene work function, are systematically optimized to determine their effects on device performance and efficiency limits. The simulation results reveal that the work function of graphene and the doping level of the lightly doped Si region significantly influence the electrical output. Under the condition of a lightly doped Si layer with thickness of 30 μm and doping concentration of 1 × 1012 cm−3, the n-graphene/p−/p+-Si Schottky junction with metallic dopants achieves superior performance, delivering a short-circuit current density ( \(\:{J}_{SC}\) ) of 88 nA/cm², open-circuit voltage ( \(\:{V}_{OC}\) ) of 2.2 V, maximum output power density ( \(\:{p}_{max}\) ) of 175 nW/cm², fill factor (FF) of 0.93, and an energy conversion efficiency ( \(\:\eta\:\) ) of 8.5%. These findings provide valuable theoretical insights for the structural design and optimization of graphene/Si betavoltaic energy sources. The critical role of graphene’s electronic properties and its semiconductor doping in optimizing betavoltaic device performance, offering a pathway for the development of compact, efficient, and durable nuclear micro-power sources.