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<p>ZnO nanomaterials were synthesized using hexylamine and hexamine as the primary ligand and capping agent, respectively, in a novel combination. These organic molecules exhibited dual functionality by directing ZnO morphology towards columnar structures and grains. Using 100% hexamine introduced ~ 2.5&#xa0;eV trap states, extending ZnO absorption into the visible region. Photoluminescence analysis demonstrated that intrinsic and HMTA-induced defect states critically govern the emission properties of ZnO nanomaterials. ZnO samples synthesized with varying hexylamine/hexamine ratios exhibited high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies (97.9% under UV and 72.4% under visible light) and retained both optical stability and photocatalytic performance after four cycles, while undergoing ligand-dependent surface reconstruction. In conclusion, ligand engineering offers a green and scalable approach for fabricating visible-light-responsive ZnO photocatalysts as an effective alternative to conventional doping or heterostructure strategies.</p>

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Ligand-assisted morphological control of ZnO for photocatalytic wastewater treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • O. Gultepe,
  • F. Atay

摘要

ZnO nanomaterials were synthesized using hexylamine and hexamine as the primary ligand and capping agent, respectively, in a novel combination. These organic molecules exhibited dual functionality by directing ZnO morphology towards columnar structures and grains. Using 100% hexamine introduced ~ 2.5 eV trap states, extending ZnO absorption into the visible region. Photoluminescence analysis demonstrated that intrinsic and HMTA-induced defect states critically govern the emission properties of ZnO nanomaterials. ZnO samples synthesized with varying hexylamine/hexamine ratios exhibited high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies (97.9% under UV and 72.4% under visible light) and retained both optical stability and photocatalytic performance after four cycles, while undergoing ligand-dependent surface reconstruction. In conclusion, ligand engineering offers a green and scalable approach for fabricating visible-light-responsive ZnO photocatalysts as an effective alternative to conventional doping or heterostructure strategies.