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<p>In this study, cobalt (Co<sup>2+</sup>) and iron (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) ions were co-doped into Tin Oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) using the coprecipitation method to synthesize Co<sub>x/2</sub>Fe<sub>x/2</sub>Sn<sub>1-x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> compositions (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed phase purity, with no peak shifts, indicating maximum dilution of dopants within the SnO<sub>2</sub> lattice. Optical analysis via Tauc plots showed a significant reduction in band gap from 2.07 to 1.47&#xa0;eV as doping concentrations increased, highlighting optical tuning potential. All compositions show high intense red PL emission. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra revealed both substitutional and interstitial Co<sup>2+</sup> incorporation, with g-factors of 2.28 and 4.23, respectively. Magnetic measurements demonstrated maximum magnetization (0.0151 emu/g) at 5% doping (x = 0.05), decreasing with higher concentrations due to antiferromagnetic coupling. Maximum entropy method (MEM) analysis revealed dominant apical Co/Fe-O bonding, which strengthened with increasing dopant levels, correlating with an increase in interstitial charges. The narrowing of the energy gap was attributed to defect levels introduced into the forbidden region. This research provides new insights into the electronic, optical, and magnetic behavior of co-doped SnO<sub>2</sub> using powder XRD data.</p>

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Co-Fe co-doped SnO2: Insights into electronic structure, bonding, and magnetic properties via maximum entropy analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月20日

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  • K. Kaviyapandimeena,
  • M. Charles Robert

摘要

In this study, cobalt (Co2+) and iron (Fe3+) ions were co-doped into Tin Oxide (SnO2) using the coprecipitation method to synthesize Cox/2Fex/2Sn1-xO2 compositions (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15). X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed phase purity, with no peak shifts, indicating maximum dilution of dopants within the SnO2 lattice. Optical analysis via Tauc plots showed a significant reduction in band gap from 2.07 to 1.47 eV as doping concentrations increased, highlighting optical tuning potential. All compositions show high intense red PL emission. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra revealed both substitutional and interstitial Co2+ incorporation, with g-factors of 2.28 and 4.23, respectively. Magnetic measurements demonstrated maximum magnetization (0.0151 emu/g) at 5% doping (x = 0.05), decreasing with higher concentrations due to antiferromagnetic coupling. Maximum entropy method (MEM) analysis revealed dominant apical Co/Fe-O bonding, which strengthened with increasing dopant levels, correlating with an increase in interstitial charges. The narrowing of the energy gap was attributed to defect levels introduced into the forbidden region. This research provides new insights into the electronic, optical, and magnetic behavior of co-doped SnO2 using powder XRD data.