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<p>The <i>n</i>-type materials have been generally adopted to modify the active layer/cathode interfaces in organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, a thermally evaporated <i>p</i>-type material, <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>ʹ-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>ʹ-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB), has been demonstrated to enable the efficient cathode modification in the conventional OSCs. Although the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of NPB does not match that of acceptor and Fermi level of cathode, the diffusing cathode atoms react with NPB to generate the gap states which realize effective electron extraction and transport. The efficiency of the OSC with 7.5&#xa0;nm NPB achieves 13.37%, bigger than the one (10.64%) without cathode-modifying layer However, it is smaller than those with 10&#xa0;nm PDINN (15.51%) and BCP (14.81%), due to the photoinduced hole transfer from acceptor to NPB and the limited diffusion of NPB molecules into active layer. The current research provides a novel insight into the development of cathode-modifying layers towards low-cost and high-stability OSCs.</p>

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The efficient cathode modification enabled by a thermally evaporable p-type layer for organic solar cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月11日

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  • Wei Zong,
  • Zichen Liu,
  • Dashan Qin

摘要

The n-type materials have been generally adopted to modify the active layer/cathode interfaces in organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, a thermally evaporated p-type material, N,Nʹ-Bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,Nʹ-bis(phenyl)benzidine (NPB), has been demonstrated to enable the efficient cathode modification in the conventional OSCs. Although the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of NPB does not match that of acceptor and Fermi level of cathode, the diffusing cathode atoms react with NPB to generate the gap states which realize effective electron extraction and transport. The efficiency of the OSC with 7.5 nm NPB achieves 13.37%, bigger than the one (10.64%) without cathode-modifying layer However, it is smaller than those with 10 nm PDINN (15.51%) and BCP (14.81%), due to the photoinduced hole transfer from acceptor to NPB and the limited diffusion of NPB molecules into active layer. The current research provides a novel insight into the development of cathode-modifying layers towards low-cost and high-stability OSCs.