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<p>This study presents a novel synthesis of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles derived from a natural bio-template approach via curd using an innovative sol-gel auto-combustion process. The proposed process utilizes curd’s bioactive components, eliminating the need for toxic chemicals and offering an environmentally friendly approach. The synthesized Co₃O₄ nanoparticles show excellent structural and optical properties, with a crystallite size of 27.31&#xa0;nm from XRD analysis. FESEM and HRTEM imaging reveals a well-defined shapes spherical morphology with minimal agglomeration. The diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows a dual band gap of 3.72&#xa0;eV related to a direct transition and at 2.53&#xa0;eV related to an indirect electronic transition. The photoluminescence spectra of the nanoparticles exhibit characteristic emission peaks, at 790.67 and 523.02&#xa0;nm and it suggest a strong influence of quantum confinement effects. Sustainable synthesis gives highly pure nanoparticles with minimal environmental impact, suitable for catalysis, energy storage, and nanoelectronic applications.</p>

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Comprehensive study of structural, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of cobalt oxide nanoparticles synthesized via curd-based biogenic approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月21日

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  • C. T. Anuradha,
  • J. Jeyanthi

摘要

This study presents a novel synthesis of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles derived from a natural bio-template approach via curd using an innovative sol-gel auto-combustion process. The proposed process utilizes curd’s bioactive components, eliminating the need for toxic chemicals and offering an environmentally friendly approach. The synthesized Co₃O₄ nanoparticles show excellent structural and optical properties, with a crystallite size of 27.31 nm from XRD analysis. FESEM and HRTEM imaging reveals a well-defined shapes spherical morphology with minimal agglomeration. The diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows a dual band gap of 3.72 eV related to a direct transition and at 2.53 eV related to an indirect electronic transition. The photoluminescence spectra of the nanoparticles exhibit characteristic emission peaks, at 790.67 and 523.02 nm and it suggest a strong influence of quantum confinement effects. Sustainable synthesis gives highly pure nanoparticles with minimal environmental impact, suitable for catalysis, energy storage, and nanoelectronic applications.