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<p>Sea pens are a specialized and diverse group of deep-sea octocorals, conformed by 240 species, 41 genera and 16 families. The “<i>Umbellula</i>-like” group (species with autozooids arranged in a distal terminal cluster, giving the colony a flower appearance) is represented by 27 species that inhabit great depth in all oceans. Reproductive characteristics in superfamily Pennatuloidea are poorly studied. In this work, we studied 16 specimens of <i>Umbellula</i>-like sea pens from two families (Pseudumbellulidae and Umbellulidae), three genera (<i>Pseudumbellula, Solumbellula</i> and <i>Umbellula</i>) and six species (<i>P. pomona, S. monocephalus, U. antarctica, U. lindahli, U. magniflora</i> and <i>U. thomsoni</i>), extending knowledge from 16 to 21 species. We found gametogenic tissue in all specimens, and five of the species were hermaphroditic. An even more surprising finding was that two species were trioecious (i.e., displaying three sexes–&#xa0;male, female and hermaphrodite–&#xa0;within the same species). These refute the hypothesis that all sea pens are gonochoric and that gonochorism is a phylogenetically conserved character in the group. Furthermore, our results contribute to increase the knowledge about reproductive characters in sea pens, now covering 9% of the total of species.</p>

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Hermaphroditism in superfamily Pennatuloidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Reproduction on Umbellula-like sea pens (Umbellulidae and Pseudumbellulidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月20日

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  • Jessica Risaro,
  • Pablo E. Penchaszadeh,
  • Daniel Lauretta

摘要

Sea pens are a specialized and diverse group of deep-sea octocorals, conformed by 240 species, 41 genera and 16 families. The “Umbellula-like” group (species with autozooids arranged in a distal terminal cluster, giving the colony a flower appearance) is represented by 27 species that inhabit great depth in all oceans. Reproductive characteristics in superfamily Pennatuloidea are poorly studied. In this work, we studied 16 specimens of Umbellula-like sea pens from two families (Pseudumbellulidae and Umbellulidae), three genera (Pseudumbellula, Solumbellula and Umbellula) and six species (P. pomona, S. monocephalus, U. antarctica, U. lindahli, U. magniflora and U. thomsoni), extending knowledge from 16 to 21 species. We found gametogenic tissue in all specimens, and five of the species were hermaphroditic. An even more surprising finding was that two species were trioecious (i.e., displaying three sexes– male, female and hermaphrodite– within the same species). These refute the hypothesis that all sea pens are gonochoric and that gonochorism is a phylogenetically conserved character in the group. Furthermore, our results contribute to increase the knowledge about reproductive characters in sea pens, now covering 9% of the total of species.