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<p>Within the Upper Danube Region, Heuneburg was a significant Iron Age trade hub between the Mediterranean and the northern Alps. This early Celtic hilltop, with its monumental architecture, fortified lower town, and extensive outer settlement, was home to several thousands of people at its peak and held a key position in Europe during the Hallstatt period. Various studies conducted through long-term research programs have revealed that Heuneburg experienced multiple phases of occupation (ca.&#xa0;620–460 <span>bc</span>) yet regional-scale vegetation responses to the emergence of such an urban centre remain poorly understood. Using five lake pollen records within a 23 km radius, defined based on archaeological evidence of Heuneburg potential impact zone, we combine ordination analysis (NMDS), quantitative land cover modelling (REVEALS), and diversity indices to assess the spatiotemporal expression of anthropogenic impact from the Early Bronze Age to the end of La Tène period (ca.&#xa0;2200–15 <span>bc</span>) around Heuneburg. Both NMDS and REVEALS showed recurrent phases of openness beginning in the Middle Bronze Age, with the most pronounced landscape opening during Hallstatt C–D (ca.&#xa0;800–450 <span>bc</span>). This interval corresponds to marked declines in arboreal taxa (notably <i>Fagus, Fraxinus</i><i>, </i><i>Ulmus</i>, and <i>Pinus</i>), expansion of pioneer trees (<i>Corylus</i><i>, </i><i>Betula</i>), and increasing palynological diversity. <i>Quercus</i> slightly increases at several sites, suggesting selective maintenance or cultural preference by Iron Age communities. Diachronous vegetation responses indicate that the timing and intensity of openness varied by distance from Heuneburg, supporting differential settlement pressure across the hinterland. Our results demonstrate how emerging early Celtic urbanisation transformed regional vegetation patterns and provide a quantitative framework for linking settlement dynamics, land use intensity, and landscape resilience.</p>

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Rise and fall of a Celtic central place: vegetation and landscape dynamics in the surrounding of Heuneburg, southwestern Germany

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Sara Saeidi ghavi andam,
  • Elena Marinova,
  • Stefan Dreibrodt,
  • Elske Fischer,
  • Jonas Abele,
  • Manfred Rösch,
  • Leif Hansen,
  • Dirk Krausse

摘要

Within the Upper Danube Region, Heuneburg was a significant Iron Age trade hub between the Mediterranean and the northern Alps. This early Celtic hilltop, with its monumental architecture, fortified lower town, and extensive outer settlement, was home to several thousands of people at its peak and held a key position in Europe during the Hallstatt period. Various studies conducted through long-term research programs have revealed that Heuneburg experienced multiple phases of occupation (ca. 620–460 bc) yet regional-scale vegetation responses to the emergence of such an urban centre remain poorly understood. Using five lake pollen records within a 23 km radius, defined based on archaeological evidence of Heuneburg potential impact zone, we combine ordination analysis (NMDS), quantitative land cover modelling (REVEALS), and diversity indices to assess the spatiotemporal expression of anthropogenic impact from the Early Bronze Age to the end of La Tène period (ca. 2200–15 bc) around Heuneburg. Both NMDS and REVEALS showed recurrent phases of openness beginning in the Middle Bronze Age, with the most pronounced landscape opening during Hallstatt C–D (ca. 800–450 bc). This interval corresponds to marked declines in arboreal taxa (notably Fagus, Fraxinus, Ulmus, and Pinus), expansion of pioneer trees (Corylus, Betula), and increasing palynological diversity. Quercus slightly increases at several sites, suggesting selective maintenance or cultural preference by Iron Age communities. Diachronous vegetation responses indicate that the timing and intensity of openness varied by distance from Heuneburg, supporting differential settlement pressure across the hinterland. Our results demonstrate how emerging early Celtic urbanisation transformed regional vegetation patterns and provide a quantitative framework for linking settlement dynamics, land use intensity, and landscape resilience.