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Key message <p>Nickel stress induces significant structural and functional alterations in chloroplasts, impairing photosyntheticefficiency. Omics-based approaches provide deeper insights into tolerance mechanisms and help identify keypathways involved in stress adaptation.</p> Abstract <p>Chloroplasts are crucial cell organelles for photosynthesis, metabolic regulation, and redox homeostasis. The function of chloroplasts is negatively regulated by various abiotic stresses, including nickel (Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺). Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺ poses a significant challenge due to its dual properties. At trace amounts, it serves as an essential micronutrient (particularly for nitrogen metabolism), while above the threshold level it exhibits toxic effects. Rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities lead to the enhancement of Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺ concentration in the environment, often exceeding permissible limits. Accumulation of excess Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺ causes numerous alterations in the biological system. In this review, we critically emphasize the Ni<sup>2</sup>⁺-induced disruption of chloroplast ultrastructure, pigment stability, photosynthetic efficiency, and redox balance. Under stress conditions, chloroplasts act as primary stress sensors, triggering adaptive responses. To combat such stress, chloroplasts contain self-tolerance mechanisms through different adaptive strategies. This review provides the first comprehensive understanding of the chloroplast stress tolerance mechanisms using “omics” study. Omics are highly effective approaches that associated with gene expression, protein synthesis, and metabolite accumulation. Various approaches; proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and ionomics are actively involved in omics. During the omics study, especially genomics and transcriptomics, upregulated genes and transcripts are converted into functional components, which remains a major controversy. This review also summarizes adaptive molecular mechanisms of chloroplast stress tolerance via stress-related proteins, osmoprotectants, chelating agents, and antioxidant systems. In conclusion, chloroplasts possess self-tolerance mechanisms that enable them to overcome Ni<sup>2+</sup>-induced stress conditions.</p>

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Chloroplast: structural and functional alteration under nickel stress and tolerance mechanism via the omics approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Ratna Dubey,
  • Gayatri Devi Biswal,
  • Purushottam,
  • Madhulika Singh

摘要

Key message

Nickel stress induces significant structural and functional alterations in chloroplasts, impairing photosyntheticefficiency. Omics-based approaches provide deeper insights into tolerance mechanisms and help identify keypathways involved in stress adaptation.

Abstract

Chloroplasts are crucial cell organelles for photosynthesis, metabolic regulation, and redox homeostasis. The function of chloroplasts is negatively regulated by various abiotic stresses, including nickel (Ni2⁺). Ni2⁺ poses a significant challenge due to its dual properties. At trace amounts, it serves as an essential micronutrient (particularly for nitrogen metabolism), while above the threshold level it exhibits toxic effects. Rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities lead to the enhancement of Ni2⁺ concentration in the environment, often exceeding permissible limits. Accumulation of excess Ni2⁺ causes numerous alterations in the biological system. In this review, we critically emphasize the Ni2⁺-induced disruption of chloroplast ultrastructure, pigment stability, photosynthetic efficiency, and redox balance. Under stress conditions, chloroplasts act as primary stress sensors, triggering adaptive responses. To combat such stress, chloroplasts contain self-tolerance mechanisms through different adaptive strategies. This review provides the first comprehensive understanding of the chloroplast stress tolerance mechanisms using “omics” study. Omics are highly effective approaches that associated with gene expression, protein synthesis, and metabolite accumulation. Various approaches; proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, and ionomics are actively involved in omics. During the omics study, especially genomics and transcriptomics, upregulated genes and transcripts are converted into functional components, which remains a major controversy. This review also summarizes adaptive molecular mechanisms of chloroplast stress tolerance via stress-related proteins, osmoprotectants, chelating agents, and antioxidant systems. In conclusion, chloroplasts possess self-tolerance mechanisms that enable them to overcome Ni2+-induced stress conditions.