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Background <p>Hematopathology is rapidly advancing. Combining structural, molecular, and dynamic analyses enables a&#xa0;deeper understanding of immune reactions and malignant lymphomas.</p> Materials and methods <p>Three-dimensional (3D) imaging uses fluorescence-stained tissue sections with confocal microscopy. Four-dimensional (4D) live tissue slices allow real-time visualization of immune cell movement. Drugs can be tested directly on fresh samples.</p> Results <p>Three-dimensional images show key immune cell types; 4D imaging reveals cell–cell interactions. Nivolumab, for example, prolonged T&#xa0;cell contact with Hodgkin cells.</p> Conclusion <p>Four-dimensional technology improves early disease detection, treatment monitoring, and drug development, bridging between molecular findings and clinical applications.</p>

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Taking imaging into the fourth dimension

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Martin-Leo Hansmann

摘要

Background

Hematopathology is rapidly advancing. Combining structural, molecular, and dynamic analyses enables a deeper understanding of immune reactions and malignant lymphomas.

Materials and methods

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging uses fluorescence-stained tissue sections with confocal microscopy. Four-dimensional (4D) live tissue slices allow real-time visualization of immune cell movement. Drugs can be tested directly on fresh samples.

Results

Three-dimensional images show key immune cell types; 4D imaging reveals cell–cell interactions. Nivolumab, for example, prolonged T cell contact with Hodgkin cells.

Conclusion

Four-dimensional technology improves early disease detection, treatment monitoring, and drug development, bridging between molecular findings and clinical applications.