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<p>Fast-charging LiFePO<sub>4</sub> (LFP) batteries are increasingly limited by separator-induced ion-transport resistance, thermal instability, and mechanical failure, particularly under high C-rate operation. This review distinguishes true Janus separators from general modified separators. Janus separators, featuring asymmetric structures and chemistries on opposing faces, offer a powerful strategy to decouple conflicting requirements for rapid lithium ion (Li<sup>+</sup>) transport and safety reinforcement. This review critically examines recent advances in Janus separator design for LFP systems, focusing on properties, fabrication strategies, architectures governing ionic conductivity, concentration polarization, thermal shrinkage and performance efficiency. Key fabrication strategies, including coating, electrospinning, phase inversion, grafting, doping, and functionalization are discussed with emphasis on their role in directional ion flux regulation and fast-charge stability. Beyond materials design, techno-economic scalability and sustainability considerations are integrated to bridge laboratory innovation and industrial deployment. The novelty of this review lies in positioning Janus separators as active kinetic regulators for fast charging and providing a manufacturing-relevant roadmap toward next-generation, safe, and high-power LFP battery separators.</p>

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Janus separators for fast-charging lithium iron phosphate batteries: materials, mechanisms, and design strategies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Mohd Hazarel Zairy Mohd Harun,
  • Mohd Asyadi Azam,
  • Muhd Izzudin Fikry Zainuddin,
  • Muhammad Faizadmesa Allim

摘要

Fast-charging LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries are increasingly limited by separator-induced ion-transport resistance, thermal instability, and mechanical failure, particularly under high C-rate operation. This review distinguishes true Janus separators from general modified separators. Janus separators, featuring asymmetric structures and chemistries on opposing faces, offer a powerful strategy to decouple conflicting requirements for rapid lithium ion (Li+) transport and safety reinforcement. This review critically examines recent advances in Janus separator design for LFP systems, focusing on properties, fabrication strategies, architectures governing ionic conductivity, concentration polarization, thermal shrinkage and performance efficiency. Key fabrication strategies, including coating, electrospinning, phase inversion, grafting, doping, and functionalization are discussed with emphasis on their role in directional ion flux regulation and fast-charge stability. Beyond materials design, techno-economic scalability and sustainability considerations are integrated to bridge laboratory innovation and industrial deployment. The novelty of this review lies in positioning Janus separators as active kinetic regulators for fast charging and providing a manufacturing-relevant roadmap toward next-generation, safe, and high-power LFP battery separators.