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<p>The accumulation of crop residues is a global concern, as they have detrimental effects on the environment. These residues contain significant amounts of cellulose, a natural polymer for hydrogel synthesis. This study synthesizes and evaluates the physicochemical, mechanical and environmental performance of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) hydrogels from areca nut husks. CNCs were isolated from areca nut husks through sulfuric acid hydrolysis and used to prepare three hydrogel formulations: areca nut CNC hydrogel (ACH), areca nut CNC hydrogel with agar (ACHA), and areca nut CNC hydrogel containing TiO₂ (ACHT). Physicochemical and mechanical properties of these hydrogels were measured using different techniques (swelling, compression test, FTIR, SEM, and XRD), and environmental impacts were assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA). Data showed that ACHA exhibited the highest swelling ratio (370%) owing to its interconnected porous network, while ACH demonstrated the highest compressive strength (4.5&#xa0;MPa). FTIR analysis indicated interactions among the hydrogel constituents, whereas XRD results suggested that agar and TiO₂ incorporation altered the structural ordering of the hydrogel network. ACHT exhibited lower apparent crystallinity than ACH and CCH, while SEM observations confirmed enhanced porosity in ACHA and ACHT compared with ACH. The LCA revealed that areca nut husk-derived hydrogels reduced non-renewable energy consumption by 36–58% and greenhouse gas emissions by 25–50% relative to the commercial hydrogel (CCH). These findings demonstrate that areca nut husk-derived CNC hydrogels are a sustainable water-retention material for agricultural applications, while emphasizing the need to balance performance improvements with environmental considerations during hydrogel development.</p>

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Understanding the physicochemical, mechanical, swelling and environmental performance of cellulose nanocrystal hydrogels from agricultural residues

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • P. Priyadharsini,
  • K. Mohammed Falah,
  • S. V. Siva Shankari,
  • S. Sanjay Kumar,
  • J. Duchet Rumeau,
  • Sylvestre Njakou Djomo

摘要

The accumulation of crop residues is a global concern, as they have detrimental effects on the environment. These residues contain significant amounts of cellulose, a natural polymer for hydrogel synthesis. This study synthesizes and evaluates the physicochemical, mechanical and environmental performance of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) hydrogels from areca nut husks. CNCs were isolated from areca nut husks through sulfuric acid hydrolysis and used to prepare three hydrogel formulations: areca nut CNC hydrogel (ACH), areca nut CNC hydrogel with agar (ACHA), and areca nut CNC hydrogel containing TiO₂ (ACHT). Physicochemical and mechanical properties of these hydrogels were measured using different techniques (swelling, compression test, FTIR, SEM, and XRD), and environmental impacts were assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA). Data showed that ACHA exhibited the highest swelling ratio (370%) owing to its interconnected porous network, while ACH demonstrated the highest compressive strength (4.5 MPa). FTIR analysis indicated interactions among the hydrogel constituents, whereas XRD results suggested that agar and TiO₂ incorporation altered the structural ordering of the hydrogel network. ACHT exhibited lower apparent crystallinity than ACH and CCH, while SEM observations confirmed enhanced porosity in ACHA and ACHT compared with ACH. The LCA revealed that areca nut husk-derived hydrogels reduced non-renewable energy consumption by 36–58% and greenhouse gas emissions by 25–50% relative to the commercial hydrogel (CCH). These findings demonstrate that areca nut husk-derived CNC hydrogels are a sustainable water-retention material for agricultural applications, while emphasizing the need to balance performance improvements with environmental considerations during hydrogel development.