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<p>Wrinkle resistance is a fundamental aesthetic quality of cotton fabrics, but it is generally obtained using formaldehyde-based durable press (DP) agents that pose significant environmental and health concerns. In this study, a formaldehyde-free durable press finish was developed using sodium alginate (SA) and citric acid-modified waterborne polyurethane dispersions (SAPUDs). Two-step emulsion polymerization steps were utilized to synthesize a sustainable internal emulsifier (SIE) through citric acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mn = 400) and inserted into the backbone of polyurethane. Secondly, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and PEG were coupled to form a prepolymer. In the next step, emulsification and chain extension were performed using SIE and SA. The SAPUDs were characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, Zeta-sizer, and XRD. The influence of SIE concentration (S1APUD–S5APUD) on SAPUD film and fabric properties was investigated. The contact angle of SAPUD films increased from 46.55° to 65.50°, demonstrating improved hydrophobicity while remaining hydrophilic (θ &lt; 90°). Improvements in the mechanical properties of film were seen as tensile strength increased from 12.8 to 25.5&#xa0;MPa and Young’s modulus from 122.7 to 510&#xa0;MPa, demonstrating stronger internal polymer cohesion. The treated fabrics exhibited a significant improvement in wrinkle recovery angle (95° to 137° warp) with excellent durability, retaining over 95% performance after 20 laundering cycles. Tear and tensile strength of finished fabric were also improved. Air permeability in coated fabric was decreased due to film formation. Moisture permeability increased from 70 to 1500&#xa0;g/day, indicating enhanced vapor transport through hydrophillic channels. Limited research has conducted on bio-based internal emulsifiers combined with natural chain extenders, like sodium alginate (SA), for wrinkle-resistant cotton-finishing.</p>

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Novel formaldehyde-free wrinkle-resistant cotton fabrics using sodium alginate and citric acid-modified waterborne polyurethanes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Sobia Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Asif Javaid,
  • Abdur Rehman,
  • Muhammad Tahir Hussain

摘要

Wrinkle resistance is a fundamental aesthetic quality of cotton fabrics, but it is generally obtained using formaldehyde-based durable press (DP) agents that pose significant environmental and health concerns. In this study, a formaldehyde-free durable press finish was developed using sodium alginate (SA) and citric acid-modified waterborne polyurethane dispersions (SAPUDs). Two-step emulsion polymerization steps were utilized to synthesize a sustainable internal emulsifier (SIE) through citric acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mn = 400) and inserted into the backbone of polyurethane. Secondly, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and PEG were coupled to form a prepolymer. In the next step, emulsification and chain extension were performed using SIE and SA. The SAPUDs were characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, Zeta-sizer, and XRD. The influence of SIE concentration (S1APUD–S5APUD) on SAPUD film and fabric properties was investigated. The contact angle of SAPUD films increased from 46.55° to 65.50°, demonstrating improved hydrophobicity while remaining hydrophilic (θ < 90°). Improvements in the mechanical properties of film were seen as tensile strength increased from 12.8 to 25.5 MPa and Young’s modulus from 122.7 to 510 MPa, demonstrating stronger internal polymer cohesion. The treated fabrics exhibited a significant improvement in wrinkle recovery angle (95° to 137° warp) with excellent durability, retaining over 95% performance after 20 laundering cycles. Tear and tensile strength of finished fabric were also improved. Air permeability in coated fabric was decreased due to film formation. Moisture permeability increased from 70 to 1500 g/day, indicating enhanced vapor transport through hydrophillic channels. Limited research has conducted on bio-based internal emulsifiers combined with natural chain extenders, like sodium alginate (SA), for wrinkle-resistant cotton-finishing.