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<p>In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol-borax hydrogel was used as the base material. The incorporation of tannic acid-modified cellulose nanocrystals (TA@CNC) combined with a freeze-thaw process endowed the hydrogel with self-adhesive properties and improved mechanical performance. Meanwhile, the addition of MXene and Al³⁺, coupled with a shortened freeze-thaw duration, further enhanced the hydrogel’s stretchability and strain-sensing capabilities. The prepared hydrogel can macroscopically repair generated damages due to the cleavage and formation of borate ester bonds. When the content of TA@CNC increased from 0wt% to 0.4wt%, the tensile strength of the hydrogel increased from 13.5&#xa0;kPa to 33.3&#xa0;kPa, and the elongation at break rose from 1350% to over 2000%. Its adhesion to aluminum materials reached a maximum of 16.2&#xa0;kPa, and the self-healing efficiency within 60&#xa0;s achieved 99.4%. MXene, owing to the good dispersibility of its specific functional groups in water, imparts excellent electrical conductivity to the hydrogel. With the introduction of Al³⁺, the 24-hour self-healing efficiency of the hydrogel increased from 73.9% to 87.3%, and the recovery rate of cyclic tensile curves under 200% strain reached 91.1%, indicating favorable resilience and anti-fatigue performance. These properties enable the conductive hydrogel to not only convert large strains into regular electrical signal curves but also detect microstrains.</p>

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Development and application research of self-healing/self-adhesive conductive mxene hydrogels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Lang Liu,
  • Zhiqiang Li,
  • Susu Ge,
  • Limei Zuo,
  • Yanyan Wei

摘要

In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol-borax hydrogel was used as the base material. The incorporation of tannic acid-modified cellulose nanocrystals (TA@CNC) combined with a freeze-thaw process endowed the hydrogel with self-adhesive properties and improved mechanical performance. Meanwhile, the addition of MXene and Al³⁺, coupled with a shortened freeze-thaw duration, further enhanced the hydrogel’s stretchability and strain-sensing capabilities. The prepared hydrogel can macroscopically repair generated damages due to the cleavage and formation of borate ester bonds. When the content of TA@CNC increased from 0wt% to 0.4wt%, the tensile strength of the hydrogel increased from 13.5 kPa to 33.3 kPa, and the elongation at break rose from 1350% to over 2000%. Its adhesion to aluminum materials reached a maximum of 16.2 kPa, and the self-healing efficiency within 60 s achieved 99.4%. MXene, owing to the good dispersibility of its specific functional groups in water, imparts excellent electrical conductivity to the hydrogel. With the introduction of Al³⁺, the 24-hour self-healing efficiency of the hydrogel increased from 73.9% to 87.3%, and the recovery rate of cyclic tensile curves under 200% strain reached 91.1%, indicating favorable resilience and anti-fatigue performance. These properties enable the conductive hydrogel to not only convert large strains into regular electrical signal curves but also detect microstrains.