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<p>In this work, a novel composite was synthesized from crosslinked chitosan and cellulose isolated from lemon peel waste (CCNH-L) and used for the adsorption of methyl violet (MV). The products were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD, TEM, and TGA to demonstrate successful crosslinking, nanoscale morphology, and the porous structure. A significant peak in FTIR spectra demonstrated successful crosslinking and formation of final composites. New C=N stretching (imine, Schiff base formation with glutaraldehyde), and unreacted aldehyde from one side were observed. Batch adsorption studies proved that the removal of MV was highly dependent on pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The point of zero charge of the composite was 6.0, while the optimum adsorption occurred at pH 8.0. When the pH exceeds the pH<sub>PZC</sub>, the adsorbent’s surface gains a negative charge, enhancing its ability to attract the positively charged dye through electrostatic forces. It is also proven that the increase of adsorbent dose improved removal efficiency, which reached about 98.0% at a dosage of 20.0&#xa0;mg. The kinetic study demonstrated that equilibrium was achieved within 120&#xa0;min. It was noted that there was a rapid initial uptake due to electrostatic attraction between the cationic dye and negatively charged surface groups. Isotherm modeling gave a maximum adsorption capacity of 195.3&#xa0;mg g⁻¹, and the equilibrium data fitted best to the Freundlich model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.986). This indicates heterogeneous and multilayer adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis suggested spontaneous and exothermic adsorption (ΔG &lt; 0, ΔH = − 109.7&#xa0;kJ mol⁻¹), dominated by physical interactions. The reusability tests proved that the composite retained about 75.0% of its performance after four cycles, while recoveries from spiked water samples were quantitative (90.6–99.9%), demonstrating its applicability. These results highlighted the potential of CCNH-L as a low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment, offering a promising route toward eco-friendly environmental remediation.</p>

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Development of a bio-based crosslinked chitosan-cellulose composite for efficient adsorption of methyl violet dye

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Dhuha H. Fadhil,
  • Mohammed H. Al-Mashhadani,
  • Wael I. Mortada,
  • Raghda Alsayed,
  • Magdi E. Khalifa

摘要

In this work, a novel composite was synthesized from crosslinked chitosan and cellulose isolated from lemon peel waste (CCNH-L) and used for the adsorption of methyl violet (MV). The products were characterized using FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD, TEM, and TGA to demonstrate successful crosslinking, nanoscale morphology, and the porous structure. A significant peak in FTIR spectra demonstrated successful crosslinking and formation of final composites. New C=N stretching (imine, Schiff base formation with glutaraldehyde), and unreacted aldehyde from one side were observed. Batch adsorption studies proved that the removal of MV was highly dependent on pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The point of zero charge of the composite was 6.0, while the optimum adsorption occurred at pH 8.0. When the pH exceeds the pHPZC, the adsorbent’s surface gains a negative charge, enhancing its ability to attract the positively charged dye through electrostatic forces. It is also proven that the increase of adsorbent dose improved removal efficiency, which reached about 98.0% at a dosage of 20.0 mg. The kinetic study demonstrated that equilibrium was achieved within 120 min. It was noted that there was a rapid initial uptake due to electrostatic attraction between the cationic dye and negatively charged surface groups. Isotherm modeling gave a maximum adsorption capacity of 195.3 mg g⁻¹, and the equilibrium data fitted best to the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.986). This indicates heterogeneous and multilayer adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis suggested spontaneous and exothermic adsorption (ΔG < 0, ΔH = − 109.7 kJ mol⁻¹), dominated by physical interactions. The reusability tests proved that the composite retained about 75.0% of its performance after four cycles, while recoveries from spiked water samples were quantitative (90.6–99.9%), demonstrating its applicability. These results highlighted the potential of CCNH-L as a low-cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment, offering a promising route toward eco-friendly environmental remediation.