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<p>Conventional herbicide formulations suffer from limited leaf adhesion, rapid soil leaching, and reliance on organic solvents, necessitating the development of safer, more efficacious delivery systems. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of an organic solvent-free, biopolymer-based nanoformulation of halosulfuron-methyl encapsulated within pectin (PHSM), utilizing CaCl₂-mediated ionic gelation via the egg-box model of polymer cross-linking, achieving encapsulation efficiency of 73.40%. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed uniform spherical nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 62&#xa0;nm and good stability for more than 15 days under varied storage conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated an overall improvement in the thermal stability of PHSM. The pectin matrix significantly altered interfacial behaviour, yielding a reduced contact angle (28.66 ± 0.66°) and improved surface wettability. In vitro release kinetics at neutral.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Biodegradable calcium-crosslinked pectin nanoformulation for halosulfuron-methyl: controlled release, biosafety, and efficacy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Iltisha Saifi,
  • Khyati Tomar,
  • Smriti Kala,
  • Sadhna Chauhan,
  • Nancy Gupta

摘要

Conventional herbicide formulations suffer from limited leaf adhesion, rapid soil leaching, and reliance on organic solvents, necessitating the development of safer, more efficacious delivery systems. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of an organic solvent-free, biopolymer-based nanoformulation of halosulfuron-methyl encapsulated within pectin (PHSM), utilizing CaCl₂-mediated ionic gelation via the egg-box model of polymer cross-linking, achieving encapsulation efficiency of 73.40%. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed uniform spherical nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 62 nm and good stability for more than 15 days under varied storage conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated an overall improvement in the thermal stability of PHSM. The pectin matrix significantly altered interfacial behaviour, yielding a reduced contact angle (28.66 ± 0.66°) and improved surface wettability. In vitro release kinetics at neutral.

Graphical abstract