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<p>Epoxy resins (EP) are widely used in various fields due to their excellent mechanical properties, electrical insulation, and chemical resistance. However,&#xa0;their high flammability limits their application in fire-sensitive environments. Traditional halogenated flame retardants are being gradually phased out owing to environmental and health concerns, a trend that has driven the development of halogen-free alternatives. In this study, a novel phosphorus-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing ionic liquid, [PImam]Ps, was successfully synthesized using pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, and subsequently introduced into an epoxy resin system. The structure of [PImam]Ps was confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and MS analyses. The curing behavior and thermal stability of the [PImam]Ps/DDM/EP composites were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of [PImam]Ps significantly enhanced the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the material. EP-5 exhibits the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.1% and achieves a V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Furthermore, EP-4 shows the most significant improvements in tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength, with increases of 47.68%, 56.23%, and 91.45%, respectively. The flame-retardant mechanism is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect between the gas and condensed phases, including char formation, radical quenching, and release of non-flammable gases. This study provides a feasible strategy for developing high-performance flame-retardant epoxy composites.</p>

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Synthesis of a novel ionic liquid flame retardant and its application in epoxy resin

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Anxin Li,
  • Xiangpeng Jia,
  • Li Zhou,
  • Yiru Kong

摘要

Epoxy resins (EP) are widely used in various fields due to their excellent mechanical properties, electrical insulation, and chemical resistance. However, their high flammability limits their application in fire-sensitive environments. Traditional halogenated flame retardants are being gradually phased out owing to environmental and health concerns, a trend that has driven the development of halogen-free alternatives. In this study, a novel phosphorus-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing ionic liquid, [PImam]Ps, was successfully synthesized using pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA) and 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, and subsequently introduced into an epoxy resin system. The structure of [PImam]Ps was confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and MS analyses. The curing behavior and thermal stability of the [PImam]Ps/DDM/EP composites were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of [PImam]Ps significantly enhanced the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the material. EP-5 exhibits the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.1% and achieves a V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Furthermore, EP-4 shows the most significant improvements in tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength, with increases of 47.68%, 56.23%, and 91.45%, respectively. The flame-retardant mechanism is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect between the gas and condensed phases, including char formation, radical quenching, and release of non-flammable gases. This study provides a feasible strategy for developing high-performance flame-retardant epoxy composites.