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<p>The growing demand for environmentally friendly industrial materials has led to increased interest in converting agricultural waste into value-added functional additives. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was transformed into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via alkalization and microwave-assisted etherification. Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful carboxymethylation, while X-ray diffraction indicated reduced crystallinity and scanning electron microscopy revealed the loss of the original compact structure and the formation of micro-sized rod-like particles. The synthesized CMC was subsequently incorporated at 1–10 parts per hundred rubber (phr) into natural rubber (NR) composites reinforced with high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black to evaluate its influence on curing behavior and overall composite performance. Rheological analysis identified 3 phr as the optimal loading, yielding a maximum torque (M<sub>H</sub>) of 13.58 dNm and a cure rate index of 68.97&#xa0;min⁻<sup>1</sup>, indicating improved vulcanization efficiency. At this concentration, tensile strength increased to 19.41&#xa0;MPa (+40%) and elongation at break to 1655% (+133%) compared to NR/HAF. These enhancements are attributed to improved HAF dispersion and the rough surface of CMC, which maintain a more interconnected filler–rubber netwok, along with possible coordination between CMC carboxylate groups and Zn<sup>2</sup>⁺ species that promotes efficient interfacial network formation. Although Shore A hardness increased progressively with higher CMC content, the best balance of mechanical strength, elasticity, and solvent resistance was achieved at 3 phr. The composites also exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal strains, highlighting the multifunctional potential of SCB-derived CMC for advanced rubber composites.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Biomass-derived carboxymethyl cellulose for enhanced performance of natural rubber/carbon black composites

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Heba Kandil,
  • Hebat-Allah S. Tohamy,
  • Doaa E. El Nashar

摘要

The growing demand for environmentally friendly industrial materials has led to increased interest in converting agricultural waste into value-added functional additives. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was transformed into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via alkalization and microwave-assisted etherification. Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful carboxymethylation, while X-ray diffraction indicated reduced crystallinity and scanning electron microscopy revealed the loss of the original compact structure and the formation of micro-sized rod-like particles. The synthesized CMC was subsequently incorporated at 1–10 parts per hundred rubber (phr) into natural rubber (NR) composites reinforced with high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black to evaluate its influence on curing behavior and overall composite performance. Rheological analysis identified 3 phr as the optimal loading, yielding a maximum torque (MH) of 13.58 dNm and a cure rate index of 68.97 min⁻1, indicating improved vulcanization efficiency. At this concentration, tensile strength increased to 19.41 MPa (+40%) and elongation at break to 1655% (+133%) compared to NR/HAF. These enhancements are attributed to improved HAF dispersion and the rough surface of CMC, which maintain a more interconnected filler–rubber netwok, along with possible coordination between CMC carboxylate groups and Zn2⁺ species that promotes efficient interfacial network formation. Although Shore A hardness increased progressively with higher CMC content, the best balance of mechanical strength, elasticity, and solvent resistance was achieved at 3 phr. The composites also exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal strains, highlighting the multifunctional potential of SCB-derived CMC for advanced rubber composites.

Graphical Abstract