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<p>An experimental study is conducted on the interfacial fracture of an adhesively bonded polyampholyte (PA) hydrogel fabricated with anionic sodium <i>p</i>-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) and cationic 2-acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (DAC), P(NaSS-<i>co</i>-DAC). This study employs a novel specimen configuration combined with the J-integral method to evaluate fracture behavior under both mode-I and mixed-mode loading. The interfacial fracture toughness of ionically bonded P(DAC-<i>co</i>-NaSS) hydrogels made of varying NaSS: DAC molar ratios (0.9:1.1, 1:1, 1.1:0.9, and 1.5:0.5) are determined and found that increasing anionic monomer contents led to significantly higher fracture toughness, with the 1.5:0.5 ratio exhibiting the highest 12&#xa0;J/m², a 1.7-fold increase over the lowest, 4.5&#xa0;J/m² for 0.9:1.1 ratio. Additionally, the influence of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the interfacial ionic bonding is explored using P(NaSS-<i>co</i>-DAC) of a 1:1 NaSS: DAC molar ratio. NaCl-treated interface exhibited significantly enhanced interfacial strength, resulting in a maximum 100% increase in fracture toughness compared to that without the NaCl treatment. Lastly, the fracture toughness of all P(NaSS-<i>co</i>-DAC) PA and NaCl-treated hydrogels is demonstrated to be higher fracture toughness under mixed-mode loading, compared to mode-I conditions. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is employed to map the strain distribution at the crack tip and to explain determined fracture toughness values.</p>

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Fracture behavior of ionically bonded polyampholyte hydrogels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月13日

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  • Davidson Joseph,
  • Dapeng Li,
  • Vijaya Chalivendra

摘要

An experimental study is conducted on the interfacial fracture of an adhesively bonded polyampholyte (PA) hydrogel fabricated with anionic sodium p-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) and cationic 2-acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (DAC), P(NaSS-co-DAC). This study employs a novel specimen configuration combined with the J-integral method to evaluate fracture behavior under both mode-I and mixed-mode loading. The interfacial fracture toughness of ionically bonded P(DAC-co-NaSS) hydrogels made of varying NaSS: DAC molar ratios (0.9:1.1, 1:1, 1.1:0.9, and 1.5:0.5) are determined and found that increasing anionic monomer contents led to significantly higher fracture toughness, with the 1.5:0.5 ratio exhibiting the highest 12 J/m², a 1.7-fold increase over the lowest, 4.5 J/m² for 0.9:1.1 ratio. Additionally, the influence of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the interfacial ionic bonding is explored using P(NaSS-co-DAC) of a 1:1 NaSS: DAC molar ratio. NaCl-treated interface exhibited significantly enhanced interfacial strength, resulting in a maximum 100% increase in fracture toughness compared to that without the NaCl treatment. Lastly, the fracture toughness of all P(NaSS-co-DAC) PA and NaCl-treated hydrogels is demonstrated to be higher fracture toughness under mixed-mode loading, compared to mode-I conditions. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is employed to map the strain distribution at the crack tip and to explain determined fracture toughness values.