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<p>The environmental impact of waste from vulcanized rubbers is a significant challenge due to their resistance to natural degradation. This research investigates the potential of using unmodified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a renewable, bio-based reinforcement without any surface treatment in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) composites, focusing on their effects on physico-mechanical properties, network formation, and biodegradability for potential applications such as medical gloves. CNCs were extracted from softwood fibers through sulfuric acid hydrolysis and then incorporated into NBR at low loadings of 1, 3, and 5 parts per hundred rubber (phr). A percolated secondary CNC network in the NBR was formed above 3 phr, which led to a significant increase in the tensile modulus, strength, and toughness of the composites as evidenced by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) and tensile testing. At 5 phr of CNCs, the growth in modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break were 120%, 113%, and 37.5%, respectively. The Payne effect, associated with the breakdown of the filler network, was most pronounced at 5 phr CNCs loadings. The incorporation of CNCs not only enhanced the short-term water absorption, as CNCs are hydrophilic, but also improved solvent resistance by blocking the penetration of toluene. Mechanical tests after biodegradation showed that CNC-filled composites had higher biodegradability than pure NBR. This was confirmed by microscopic images showing a porous structure resulting from the microbial consumption of CNCs.</p>

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Effect of cellulose nanocrystals on physico-mechanical properties and biodegradation of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Mahsa Heydari,
  • Mehdi Razzaghi-Kashani,
  • Leila Noein,
  • Hossein Yousefi

摘要

The environmental impact of waste from vulcanized rubbers is a significant challenge due to their resistance to natural degradation. This research investigates the potential of using unmodified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a renewable, bio-based reinforcement without any surface treatment in acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) composites, focusing on their effects on physico-mechanical properties, network formation, and biodegradability for potential applications such as medical gloves. CNCs were extracted from softwood fibers through sulfuric acid hydrolysis and then incorporated into NBR at low loadings of 1, 3, and 5 parts per hundred rubber (phr). A percolated secondary CNC network in the NBR was formed above 3 phr, which led to a significant increase in the tensile modulus, strength, and toughness of the composites as evidenced by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) and tensile testing. At 5 phr of CNCs, the growth in modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break were 120%, 113%, and 37.5%, respectively. The Payne effect, associated with the breakdown of the filler network, was most pronounced at 5 phr CNCs loadings. The incorporation of CNCs not only enhanced the short-term water absorption, as CNCs are hydrophilic, but also improved solvent resistance by blocking the penetration of toluene. Mechanical tests after biodegradation showed that CNC-filled composites had higher biodegradability than pure NBR. This was confirmed by microscopic images showing a porous structure resulting from the microbial consumption of CNCs.