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<p>This study investigates how high-structure Carbon Black N330 (CB) loading dictates the reinforcement and wear mechanisms of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) under dry sliding conditions. While filler reinforcement is well-documented, this work identifies a specific correlation between cure kinetics and a transition in wear morphology, detailing the shift from micro-cutting to adhesive smear wear as a function of filler structure. CB content was varied from 0 to 60 phr. Samples were compounded and compression-molded at 160 °C based on the optimum cure time (t<sub>90</sub>) derived from rheological data. Tribological performance was evaluated using dry sliding contact tests. Increasing CB loading from 0 to 60 phr expanded the torque difference (ΔM) from 7.8 to 22.8 dNm, confirming a denser crosslink network. Concurrently, the Cure Rate Index (CRI) dropped from 21 to 18.9 min.<sup>−1</sup> indicating that the high-structure filler surface retards vulcanization kinetics. The mechanical profile shifted from a soft matrix to a reinforced composite, with Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) rising from 3 to 35 MPa and M300 modulus increasing, while elongation at break (%EB) declined. Under dry sliding contact, the wear resistance scaled with loading, evidenced by a 74% reduction in the specific wear rate (from 3 to 0.76 × 10<sup>–6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/N·m). The steady-state coefficient of friction (CoF) rose from 0.4 to 1.15, reflecting higher energy dissipation at the interface. Microstructural analysis revealed that high CB concentrations suppress soft micro-cutting in favor of a rougher topography characterized by smear wear ridges. This confirms that the high-structure CB creates a stiffened matrix that effectively arrests material removal during sliding contact. A loading of 60 phr optimized the composite performance for dry contact, yielding the peak tensile strength and maximum wear durability. The study concludes that the high-structure N330 CB effectively transforms the wear mechanism from abrasive cutting to a more energy-absorbent wave deformation, making it ideal for high-friction industrial applications.</p>

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The influence of N330 carbon black loading on the cure, mechanical, and sliding wear characteristics of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber vulcanizates

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Ahmad Mousa

摘要

This study investigates how high-structure Carbon Black N330 (CB) loading dictates the reinforcement and wear mechanisms of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) under dry sliding conditions. While filler reinforcement is well-documented, this work identifies a specific correlation between cure kinetics and a transition in wear morphology, detailing the shift from micro-cutting to adhesive smear wear as a function of filler structure. CB content was varied from 0 to 60 phr. Samples were compounded and compression-molded at 160 °C based on the optimum cure time (t90) derived from rheological data. Tribological performance was evaluated using dry sliding contact tests. Increasing CB loading from 0 to 60 phr expanded the torque difference (ΔM) from 7.8 to 22.8 dNm, confirming a denser crosslink network. Concurrently, the Cure Rate Index (CRI) dropped from 21 to 18.9 min.−1 indicating that the high-structure filler surface retards vulcanization kinetics. The mechanical profile shifted from a soft matrix to a reinforced composite, with Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) rising from 3 to 35 MPa and M300 modulus increasing, while elongation at break (%EB) declined. Under dry sliding contact, the wear resistance scaled with loading, evidenced by a 74% reduction in the specific wear rate (from 3 to 0.76 × 10–6 cm3/N·m). The steady-state coefficient of friction (CoF) rose from 0.4 to 1.15, reflecting higher energy dissipation at the interface. Microstructural analysis revealed that high CB concentrations suppress soft micro-cutting in favor of a rougher topography characterized by smear wear ridges. This confirms that the high-structure CB creates a stiffened matrix that effectively arrests material removal during sliding contact. A loading of 60 phr optimized the composite performance for dry contact, yielding the peak tensile strength and maximum wear durability. The study concludes that the high-structure N330 CB effectively transforms the wear mechanism from abrasive cutting to a more energy-absorbent wave deformation, making it ideal for high-friction industrial applications.