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<p>The liver is an essential organ that keeps normal functioning in the body. The vascular architecture causes major bleeding, especially after trauma and liver resection surgeries. Massive bleeding creates major challenges, requiring complex hemostatic treatments. This study describes the development and evaluation of a multifunctional carboxymethyl chitosan/gelatin/pectin bioadhesive infused with tranexamic acid (TXA) and crosslinked with calcium chloride (CaCl<sub>2</sub>) for enhancing hepatic hemostasis. To make the bioadhesive, we dissolved carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs), gelatin, and pectin in deionized water. We included TXA at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 50, and 100&#xa0;mg/mol and combined it with 100 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>. We carefully studied the physical and chemical parameters, including porosity, pH, water absorption, biodegradation, and TXA release. In vitro analyses examined blood compatibility, blood clotting index, cell viability via the MTT assay, and anti-inflammatory effects, while in vivo studies in Wistar rats undergoing partial hepatectomy assessed hemostatic performance. The K2 bioadhesive (10&#xa0;mg/mol TXA) worked the best. It stopped blood loss in 20&#xa0;s, kept cells alive at about 90%, and caused hemolysis in less than 5% of cases. The bioadhesive’s ability to break down while releasing TXA suggests that it could be a good way to stop bleeding in people with liver problems. These results could change how doctors treat bleeding wounds and how often they need to give blood transfusions. Subsequent research should employ more extensive animal models to investigate longevity and clinical relevance.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Design and evaluation of a CaCl2-crosslinked carboxymethyl Chitosan/Gelatin/Pectin bioadhesive hydrogel loaded with tranexamic acid for hepatic hemostasis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Sahar Molzemi,
  • Milad Rezvani,
  • Sepehr Zamani,
  • Majid Salehi

摘要

The liver is an essential organ that keeps normal functioning in the body. The vascular architecture causes major bleeding, especially after trauma and liver resection surgeries. Massive bleeding creates major challenges, requiring complex hemostatic treatments. This study describes the development and evaluation of a multifunctional carboxymethyl chitosan/gelatin/pectin bioadhesive infused with tranexamic acid (TXA) and crosslinked with calcium chloride (CaCl2) for enhancing hepatic hemostasis. To make the bioadhesive, we dissolved carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs), gelatin, and pectin in deionized water. We included TXA at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/mol and combined it with 100 mM CaCl2. We carefully studied the physical and chemical parameters, including porosity, pH, water absorption, biodegradation, and TXA release. In vitro analyses examined blood compatibility, blood clotting index, cell viability via the MTT assay, and anti-inflammatory effects, while in vivo studies in Wistar rats undergoing partial hepatectomy assessed hemostatic performance. The K2 bioadhesive (10 mg/mol TXA) worked the best. It stopped blood loss in 20 s, kept cells alive at about 90%, and caused hemolysis in less than 5% of cases. The bioadhesive’s ability to break down while releasing TXA suggests that it could be a good way to stop bleeding in people with liver problems. These results could change how doctors treat bleeding wounds and how often they need to give blood transfusions. Subsequent research should employ more extensive animal models to investigate longevity and clinical relevance.

Graphical abstract