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<p>The escalating global consumption of plastics has intensified environmental concerns due to the persistence and non-biodegradable nature of petroleum-derived polymers. India is ranked as the third-largest plastic producer in 2019, generating nearly 17 million metric tons, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable material alternatives. Bioplastics have emerged as promising candidates due to their renewable origin, reduced carbon footprint, and biodegradability, yet only a small portion of the 2.36 million tons produced in 2021 were truly biodegradable, even as global plastic production is projected to reach 338 million tons by 2029. Asia is expected to drive the transition toward eco-friendly materials, with biodegradable bioplastic production anticipated to increase from 0.88 million tons in 2021 to 5.3 million tons by 2030. This review examines the mechanisms, fabrication routes, and applications of bioplastics derived from starch, cellulose, proteins, chitosan, lignin, Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), and bio-based polyethylene. Fabrication methods including solution casting, microbial fermentation, enzymatic synthesis, and polymer blending along with the use of plasticizers, fillers, and crosslinkers, are discussed for property enhancement. Bioplastics are increasingly applied in packaging, agriculture, biomedical devices, automotive components, cosmetics, and controlled-release systems. Their degradation behavior and environmental performance are assessed through standardized biodegradation assays, reflecting their growing relevance in sustainable materials development.</p>

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Sustainable polymers: the science and promise of bioplastics-a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • S. N. Sruthi,
  • Saran S. Kumar,
  • Appukuttan Saritha

摘要

The escalating global consumption of plastics has intensified environmental concerns due to the persistence and non-biodegradable nature of petroleum-derived polymers. India is ranked as the third-largest plastic producer in 2019, generating nearly 17 million metric tons, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable material alternatives. Bioplastics have emerged as promising candidates due to their renewable origin, reduced carbon footprint, and biodegradability, yet only a small portion of the 2.36 million tons produced in 2021 were truly biodegradable, even as global plastic production is projected to reach 338 million tons by 2029. Asia is expected to drive the transition toward eco-friendly materials, with biodegradable bioplastic production anticipated to increase from 0.88 million tons in 2021 to 5.3 million tons by 2030. This review examines the mechanisms, fabrication routes, and applications of bioplastics derived from starch, cellulose, proteins, chitosan, lignin, Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), and bio-based polyethylene. Fabrication methods including solution casting, microbial fermentation, enzymatic synthesis, and polymer blending along with the use of plasticizers, fillers, and crosslinkers, are discussed for property enhancement. Bioplastics are increasingly applied in packaging, agriculture, biomedical devices, automotive components, cosmetics, and controlled-release systems. Their degradation behavior and environmental performance are assessed through standardized biodegradation assays, reflecting their growing relevance in sustainable materials development.