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<p>Sustainable medicine is an emerging field in the medical sector. <i>Lantana camara</i> L. is a traditionally used medicine for wound healing. In addition to that, green biomaterials are emergent revolutionary solutions to produce sustainable and environmentally safe alternatives to traditional synthetic chemical-based biomaterials. This research aims to fabricate an eco-friendly composite material using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for the effective healing of wounds. A novel CMC composite has been fabricated by incorporating <i>Lantana camara</i> L. leaf extracts (LCLE) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp). Three different composites were fabricated by varying the percentage of <i>Lantana camara</i> L. leaf extract (CMC/nHAp/10% LCLE, CMC/nHAp/30% LCLE, and CMC/nHAp/50% LCLE). Material characterizations were carried out using XRD, FESEM, and TGA techniques. All three fabricated composites exhibited unique morphology and had remarkable changes in tensile strength due to CMC/nHAp/LCLE blend nanostructures. Additionally, the toxicity of the materials was assessed using the MTT Assay on L929 cells and the brine shrimp lethality assay. Both studies proved that the fabricated composites have very mild toxicity and lethality, respectively. It was observed that by increasing the concentration of the plant extract from 10 Wt. % to 50 Wt. %, there is also an increase in the percentage of closure of wounds on performing in vitro wound scratch assay. The composites were assessed for skin irritation using a HET-CAM assay, proving that all the composites were non-irritant. The docking studies of the phytochemicals in LCLE as ligands against MMP-2 protein showed that phytochemicals such as humulene, caryophyllene oxide, clindamycin, campesterol, and sitosterol had an excellent binding energy of − 6.0&#xa0;kcal/mol, − 6.1&#xa0;kcal/mol, − 6.2&#xa0;kcal/mol, − 6.9&#xa0;kcal/mol, and − 7.4&#xa0;kcal/mol, respectively. From the aforementioned results, it has been observed that the CMC/nHAp/LCLE composite can be suggested as a favorable material for wound healing applications.</p>

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Phytofabrication of eco-friendly and intrinsically non-irritant, CMC composite loaded with nHAp and Lantana camara L. for wound healing: in vitro analysis and molecular docking studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Rinusuba Veluswamy,
  • Gayathri Balasubramaniam,
  • Balaji Ayyanar Chinnappan,
  • Dhayalan Velauthapillai

摘要

Sustainable medicine is an emerging field in the medical sector. Lantana camara L. is a traditionally used medicine for wound healing. In addition to that, green biomaterials are emergent revolutionary solutions to produce sustainable and environmentally safe alternatives to traditional synthetic chemical-based biomaterials. This research aims to fabricate an eco-friendly composite material using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for the effective healing of wounds. A novel CMC composite has been fabricated by incorporating Lantana camara L. leaf extracts (LCLE) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp). Three different composites were fabricated by varying the percentage of Lantana camara L. leaf extract (CMC/nHAp/10% LCLE, CMC/nHAp/30% LCLE, and CMC/nHAp/50% LCLE). Material characterizations were carried out using XRD, FESEM, and TGA techniques. All three fabricated composites exhibited unique morphology and had remarkable changes in tensile strength due to CMC/nHAp/LCLE blend nanostructures. Additionally, the toxicity of the materials was assessed using the MTT Assay on L929 cells and the brine shrimp lethality assay. Both studies proved that the fabricated composites have very mild toxicity and lethality, respectively. It was observed that by increasing the concentration of the plant extract from 10 Wt. % to 50 Wt. %, there is also an increase in the percentage of closure of wounds on performing in vitro wound scratch assay. The composites were assessed for skin irritation using a HET-CAM assay, proving that all the composites were non-irritant. The docking studies of the phytochemicals in LCLE as ligands against MMP-2 protein showed that phytochemicals such as humulene, caryophyllene oxide, clindamycin, campesterol, and sitosterol had an excellent binding energy of − 6.0 kcal/mol, − 6.1 kcal/mol, − 6.2 kcal/mol, − 6.9 kcal/mol, and − 7.4 kcal/mol, respectively. From the aforementioned results, it has been observed that the CMC/nHAp/LCLE composite can be suggested as a favorable material for wound healing applications.