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<p>In this study, composite hydrogels incorporating nanocellulose (NC) derived from hazelnut husk and commercial sodium alginate (AL) were successfully synthesized via the sol–gel method. Ibuprofen (Ibu) was selected as a model drug and incorporated into the hydrogel matrices at varying concentrations (0.05, 0.15, and 0.25&#xa0;g) under different synthesis conditions (pH 2, 4, and 6). The raw materials and drug loaded AL/NC beads were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), while the nanocellulose was further analysed using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) surface area analyses. The surface morphology of the synthesized AL/NC beads has been revealed by SEM analysis. Swelling behaviour of the synthesized hydrogels was evaluated under physiological pH (6.8), and the highest swelling capacity was observed in the AL/NC(6)@0.05 Ibu formulation. Drug loading efficiency was found to be highest under pH 6 synthesis conditions. Although all hydrogels exhibited a controlled release profile, the most pronounced cumulative drug release at the end of 8&#xa0;h was recorded for the AL/NC(6)@0.05 Ibu formulation. These findings demonstrate the potential of hazelnut husk-derived nanocellulose-based hydrogels as sustainable and efficient carriers for pH-responsive drug delivery applications.</p>

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Controlled drug delivery using alginate hydrogels reinforced with nanocellulose from waste hazelnut husk

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月18日

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  • Levent Nuralın,
  • Cem Taşdemir,
  • Mustafa Serhat Ekinci,
  • Funda Turgut Başoğlu

摘要

In this study, composite hydrogels incorporating nanocellulose (NC) derived from hazelnut husk and commercial sodium alginate (AL) were successfully synthesized via the sol–gel method. Ibuprofen (Ibu) was selected as a model drug and incorporated into the hydrogel matrices at varying concentrations (0.05, 0.15, and 0.25 g) under different synthesis conditions (pH 2, 4, and 6). The raw materials and drug loaded AL/NC beads were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), while the nanocellulose was further analysed using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) surface area analyses. The surface morphology of the synthesized AL/NC beads has been revealed by SEM analysis. Swelling behaviour of the synthesized hydrogels was evaluated under physiological pH (6.8), and the highest swelling capacity was observed in the AL/NC(6)@0.05 Ibu formulation. Drug loading efficiency was found to be highest under pH 6 synthesis conditions. Although all hydrogels exhibited a controlled release profile, the most pronounced cumulative drug release at the end of 8 h was recorded for the AL/NC(6)@0.05 Ibu formulation. These findings demonstrate the potential of hazelnut husk-derived nanocellulose-based hydrogels as sustainable and efficient carriers for pH-responsive drug delivery applications.