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<p>This review examines the potential benefits of incorporating palm and plant-based fibers into concrete to enhance its mechanical characteristics and promote sustainability in green building construction. Studies have shown that various palm-based fibers, such as date palm, fan palm, and fishtail palm, increased tensile strength by 2.7–19.2%, flexural strength by up to 16.1%, and compressive strength by 1.6–13.4%, depending on the dosage and curing time. Similarly, plant-derived fibers like jute, flax, hemp, and coir significantly improve concrete performance, with tensile strength gains of 7–58%, flexural strength increases up to 28.6% and compressive strength boosts of 5–25% at optimal dosages of 0.5–1.0% by volume and aspect ratios of 75–125. Chemical treatments, especially alkaline treatment, remove fiber surface impurities. Acetylation and benzoylation decrease hydrophilicity, while sodium alginate treatment forms calcium-ion-mediated networks that promote uniform bacterial fixation and calcium carbonate precipitation on aggregate surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide treatment introduces polar functional groups on the fiber surface. Physical treatments such as milling and plasma enhance water resistance and mechanical interlocking. Biological treatments with bacterial strains like <i>Bacillus sphaericus</i> and fungal strains like <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> remove non-cellulosic components to improve mechanical strength and durability. Recent advancements in nano-modified fibers enhance mechanical strength and durability against sulfate erosion while improving the porous structure. Using a hybrid system approach, hybrid treatment increases mechanical strength and durability, but it also causes a reduction in compressive strength. In contrast, the fiber hybrid system improves mechanical performance without impacting workability. Combining 1.5% steel and 0.5% palm fibers boosts toughness and flexural strength by up to 60%. Jute fibers coated with graphene oxide (GO) and graphene flakes exhibit an increase in interfacial shear strength of 236% and tensile strength of 96% compared to control specimens. These gains result from better interfacial bonding and mechanical interlocking between the fiber surface and graphene nanostructures, which enable efficient stress transfer within the composite matrix. Overall, when natural fibers are incorporated into concrete with an optimized dosage, aspect ratio, and effective surface treatment using a hybrid system approach, it offers high mechanical strength and a durable, low-carbon solution for future green infrastructure.</p>

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Palm and plant fiber-reinforced building materials: a review of strength, durability, and sustainable innovations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月23日

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  • Zafar Ali,
  • Farah Naz Talpur,
  • Hassan Imran Afridi,
  • Nazir A. Brohi,
  • Habibullah Abbasi,
  • Sobia Kunbhar,
  • Noshad Razzaque,
  • Sanam Rahujo,
  • Shazia Magsi

摘要

This review examines the potential benefits of incorporating palm and plant-based fibers into concrete to enhance its mechanical characteristics and promote sustainability in green building construction. Studies have shown that various palm-based fibers, such as date palm, fan palm, and fishtail palm, increased tensile strength by 2.7–19.2%, flexural strength by up to 16.1%, and compressive strength by 1.6–13.4%, depending on the dosage and curing time. Similarly, plant-derived fibers like jute, flax, hemp, and coir significantly improve concrete performance, with tensile strength gains of 7–58%, flexural strength increases up to 28.6% and compressive strength boosts of 5–25% at optimal dosages of 0.5–1.0% by volume and aspect ratios of 75–125. Chemical treatments, especially alkaline treatment, remove fiber surface impurities. Acetylation and benzoylation decrease hydrophilicity, while sodium alginate treatment forms calcium-ion-mediated networks that promote uniform bacterial fixation and calcium carbonate precipitation on aggregate surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide treatment introduces polar functional groups on the fiber surface. Physical treatments such as milling and plasma enhance water resistance and mechanical interlocking. Biological treatments with bacterial strains like Bacillus sphaericus and fungal strains like Phanerochaete chrysosporium remove non-cellulosic components to improve mechanical strength and durability. Recent advancements in nano-modified fibers enhance mechanical strength and durability against sulfate erosion while improving the porous structure. Using a hybrid system approach, hybrid treatment increases mechanical strength and durability, but it also causes a reduction in compressive strength. In contrast, the fiber hybrid system improves mechanical performance without impacting workability. Combining 1.5% steel and 0.5% palm fibers boosts toughness and flexural strength by up to 60%. Jute fibers coated with graphene oxide (GO) and graphene flakes exhibit an increase in interfacial shear strength of 236% and tensile strength of 96% compared to control specimens. These gains result from better interfacial bonding and mechanical interlocking between the fiber surface and graphene nanostructures, which enable efficient stress transfer within the composite matrix. Overall, when natural fibers are incorporated into concrete with an optimized dosage, aspect ratio, and effective surface treatment using a hybrid system approach, it offers high mechanical strength and a durable, low-carbon solution for future green infrastructure.