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<p>Harvesting of microalgae is the need of the hour, as these have proven to be a source of sustainable and renewable feedstock for producing biofuels. The present study focuses on this application by synthesizing oxidized chitosan via a dry method using a mixture of green solvents, namely ethanol (99.9%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%). The poor water solubility of chitosan is also addressed, as oxidized chitosan is completely water-soluble. SEM analysis further revealed distinct morphological differences between pure and oxidized chitosan. Pure chitosan exhibited a rough, fibrous, and layered surface with an interconnected porous matrix, whereas oxidized chitosan displayed a granular and uneven surface with clustered particles of varying sizes. The chitosan (Ch) and oxidized chitosan (OCh) solutions were systematically assessed to examine their flocculation efficiency for <i>Chlorella</i> and <i>Synechococcus</i> microalgae via the jar test method. Optimal doses of OCh were identified as 250 µL for <i>Chlorella</i> and 500 µL for <i>Synechococcus</i>, which achieved their maximum flocculation efficiencies of 97.64% and 93.51% respectively, at pH 9. The most promising feature of the oxidized chitosan is its efficiency to flocculate both species instantly as soon as it is added to the algae. In comparison to pure Ch, the results of OCh were better with respect to both time and efficiency. The results highlight the crucial role of charge dynamics, polymer solubility, and cell-polymer interactions in flocculation. These findings underscore the importance of pH-dependent charge modulation and structural modifications in chitosan in optimizing algal flocculation.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Green dry method approach to synthesize oxidized chitosan: a promising and efficient flocculant for instant algae harvesting

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Puneet Tiwari,
  • Pratibha Kushwaha,
  • Mani Prabha,
  • Pankaj Kumar Yadav,
  • Aayushee,
  • Ashok Kumar,
  • Tulika Malviya,
  • Vandana Singh

摘要

Harvesting of microalgae is the need of the hour, as these have proven to be a source of sustainable and renewable feedstock for producing biofuels. The present study focuses on this application by synthesizing oxidized chitosan via a dry method using a mixture of green solvents, namely ethanol (99.9%) and hydrogen peroxide (30%). The poor water solubility of chitosan is also addressed, as oxidized chitosan is completely water-soluble. SEM analysis further revealed distinct morphological differences between pure and oxidized chitosan. Pure chitosan exhibited a rough, fibrous, and layered surface with an interconnected porous matrix, whereas oxidized chitosan displayed a granular and uneven surface with clustered particles of varying sizes. The chitosan (Ch) and oxidized chitosan (OCh) solutions were systematically assessed to examine their flocculation efficiency for Chlorella and Synechococcus microalgae via the jar test method. Optimal doses of OCh were identified as 250 µL for Chlorella and 500 µL for Synechococcus, which achieved their maximum flocculation efficiencies of 97.64% and 93.51% respectively, at pH 9. The most promising feature of the oxidized chitosan is its efficiency to flocculate both species instantly as soon as it is added to the algae. In comparison to pure Ch, the results of OCh were better with respect to both time and efficiency. The results highlight the crucial role of charge dynamics, polymer solubility, and cell-polymer interactions in flocculation. These findings underscore the importance of pH-dependent charge modulation and structural modifications in chitosan in optimizing algal flocculation.

Graphical abstract