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<p>An eco-friendly system based on soybean coats peroxidase, vitamin C, and hydrogen peroxide (SP/VC/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) was used for the first time for free radical polymerization of methacrylic acid. Soybean coats make up approximately 5% of the total soybean mass and are rich in peroxidase, so their utilization for enzyme extraction therefore would contribute to waste valorisation. By employing the SP/VC/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> initiation system, pH-sensitive poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) hydrogels were successfully prepared through simple, energy-efficient, and eco-friendly one-pot synthesis under ambient conditions. The main objective was to further reduce the reaction time and amount of hydrogen peroxide compared to the method that utilized VC/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> initiation system (24&#xa0;h and 100 µL), and these were successfully decreased to 6&#xa0;h and 20 µL, respectively. FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed the PMA hydrogel composition and revealed a regular porous structure, respectively. Increase in SP activity, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, VC, or crosslinker amount led to higher values of compressive strength and reduced values of equilibrium swelling degree. The PMA hydrogels exhibited pH dependent swelling, which enabled controlled release of anti-inflammatory drug – diclofenac for 24&#xa0;h at pH 6.8 (a pH value selected to simulate the pH in human small intestines and inflamed tissue microenvironments). The anti-inflammatory effect of the PMA hydrogel was confirmed by testing it on bovine chondrocytes. This eco-friendly approach in the preparation of PMA hydrogels resulted in material with easily tunable properties and potential for treatment of inflammation.</p>

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Hydrogels based on poly(methacrylic acid) prepared via bio-catalysis using soybean waste peroxidase for anti-inflammatory applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Maja D. Markovic,
  • Vukasin Dj. Ugrinovic,
  • Milica M. Svetozarevic Arsovic

摘要

An eco-friendly system based on soybean coats peroxidase, vitamin C, and hydrogen peroxide (SP/VC/H2O2) was used for the first time for free radical polymerization of methacrylic acid. Soybean coats make up approximately 5% of the total soybean mass and are rich in peroxidase, so their utilization for enzyme extraction therefore would contribute to waste valorisation. By employing the SP/VC/H2O2 initiation system, pH-sensitive poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) hydrogels were successfully prepared through simple, energy-efficient, and eco-friendly one-pot synthesis under ambient conditions. The main objective was to further reduce the reaction time and amount of hydrogen peroxide compared to the method that utilized VC/H2O2 initiation system (24 h and 100 µL), and these were successfully decreased to 6 h and 20 µL, respectively. FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed the PMA hydrogel composition and revealed a regular porous structure, respectively. Increase in SP activity, H2O2, VC, or crosslinker amount led to higher values of compressive strength and reduced values of equilibrium swelling degree. The PMA hydrogels exhibited pH dependent swelling, which enabled controlled release of anti-inflammatory drug – diclofenac for 24 h at pH 6.8 (a pH value selected to simulate the pH in human small intestines and inflamed tissue microenvironments). The anti-inflammatory effect of the PMA hydrogel was confirmed by testing it on bovine chondrocytes. This eco-friendly approach in the preparation of PMA hydrogels resulted in material with easily tunable properties and potential for treatment of inflammation.