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<p>The growing demand for sustainable, high-performance ionic electro-responsive soft actuators has spurred innovation in applications such as micro-devices, dynamic ornaments, and biomimetic robotics. This study introduces an eco-friendly ionic soft actuator based on a biopolymer-derived interpenetrating double network comprising carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CCNF), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and an ionic liquid (IL). The CCNF-IL-AMPS membrane enhances ion migration through synergistic interactions between carboxyl and sulfonic acid groups, achieving a remarkable peak-to-peak bending displacement of 16.9&#xa0;mm under a ± 1.5&#xa0;V sine wave at 0.1&#xa0;Hz, with a low operational voltage below 2.0&#xa0;V. The actuator exhibits exceptional durability, retaining 97% of its performance after 30&#xa0;min in air, alongside a broad frequency response. Its superior actuation performance stems from a high specific capacitance of 296.4 mF/cm², driven by robust ionic interactions within the double network. Demonstrated applications include a bioinspired origami crane, a precision grasping system, and a helical actuator for biomedical stents, highlighting the actuator’s versatility and potential for commercialization in soft robotics, wearable technology, and adaptive biomedical devices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Biopolymer-Based interpenetrating double networks for Electro-responsive soft actuator

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Cheng Liu,
  • Wenhao Shen

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable, high-performance ionic electro-responsive soft actuators has spurred innovation in applications such as micro-devices, dynamic ornaments, and biomimetic robotics. This study introduces an eco-friendly ionic soft actuator based on a biopolymer-derived interpenetrating double network comprising carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CCNF), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and an ionic liquid (IL). The CCNF-IL-AMPS membrane enhances ion migration through synergistic interactions between carboxyl and sulfonic acid groups, achieving a remarkable peak-to-peak bending displacement of 16.9 mm under a ± 1.5 V sine wave at 0.1 Hz, with a low operational voltage below 2.0 V. The actuator exhibits exceptional durability, retaining 97% of its performance after 30 min in air, alongside a broad frequency response. Its superior actuation performance stems from a high specific capacitance of 296.4 mF/cm², driven by robust ionic interactions within the double network. Demonstrated applications include a bioinspired origami crane, a precision grasping system, and a helical actuator for biomedical stents, highlighting the actuator’s versatility and potential for commercialization in soft robotics, wearable technology, and adaptive biomedical devices.

Graphical abstract