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<p>The present review reports the comprehensive classification of hydrogels grounded on their source, composition, configuration, physical appearance, degradability, electric charge, cross-linking, and stimuli-responsive nature. Their significant features, viz., mechanical strength, swell ability, biocompatibility, chemical structure, morphology and rheology, thermal properties, and biodegradability have been detailed. Various physical and chemical cross-linking methods that are employed in their synthesis have been discussed. Chemical cross-linking includes covalent bond-forming reactions like Schiff base formation, click chemistry, enzymatic catalysis, free radical polymerization, and high-energy irradiation techniques, whereas physical cross-linking involves non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, thermal gelation, and hydrophobic connections. Due to their high water content, biocompatibility, and capacity to heal wounds, hydrogels are utilized extensively in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, contact lens, wound healing, 3-D bioprinting, CRISPR integration systems, and machine learning, emphasizing how cross-linking techniques and structural design affect their functional effectiveness. Thus, the exploitation of the characteristics of hydrogels in biomedical applications has been thoroughly studied.</p>

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Hydrogels: classification, cross-linking methods, characteristics, and current trends in biomedical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月10日

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  • Anmol Kumar,
  • Shubhangi Pandey,
  • Krishna Kumar,
  • S. Krishnamoorthi,
  • Kranthikumar Tungala

摘要

The present review reports the comprehensive classification of hydrogels grounded on their source, composition, configuration, physical appearance, degradability, electric charge, cross-linking, and stimuli-responsive nature. Their significant features, viz., mechanical strength, swell ability, biocompatibility, chemical structure, morphology and rheology, thermal properties, and biodegradability have been detailed. Various physical and chemical cross-linking methods that are employed in their synthesis have been discussed. Chemical cross-linking includes covalent bond-forming reactions like Schiff base formation, click chemistry, enzymatic catalysis, free radical polymerization, and high-energy irradiation techniques, whereas physical cross-linking involves non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, thermal gelation, and hydrophobic connections. Due to their high water content, biocompatibility, and capacity to heal wounds, hydrogels are utilized extensively in biomedical applications such as drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering, contact lens, wound healing, 3-D bioprinting, CRISPR integration systems, and machine learning, emphasizing how cross-linking techniques and structural design affect their functional effectiveness. Thus, the exploitation of the characteristics of hydrogels in biomedical applications has been thoroughly studied.