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<p>Water scarcity poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity, leading to substantial crop losses each year. In this study, we synthesized a superabsorbent, eco-friendly bio-hydrogel from carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG), using epichlorohydrin as a crosslinking agent. The hydrogel is designed to act both as a water reservoir and a slow-release carrier for essential micronutrients. The bio-hydrogel synthesized under optimized conditions exhibited a swelling of 23,845% and a reswelling capacity of 6,217% after five cycles at room temperature (25&#xa0;°C). The swollen hydrogel retained water in air for up to 16&#xa0;days. When incorporated into soil, this retention period was extended by about 48&#xa0;days compared to soil without the hydrogel. The maximum water-holding capacity of the soil was increased by 90% compared to the control soil sample. Biodegradation analysis showed a weight loss of the hydrogel by 98% after 60&#xa0;days. In a blackberry plantation study, the germination rate and survival rate were 25% and 85% higher, respectively, than those planted in the control soil. As a proof of the concept, molybdenum (Mo) was loaded into the CMTKG-based bio-hydrogel to demonstrate controlled release of micronutrients. The hydrogel released approximately 86% of the loaded Mo into water over a period of 19&#xa0;days. Kinetic modeling showed that both the first order and Peppas–Sahlin models provided the best fit, indicating that Mo release kinetics involve a combination of concentration-gradient-driven transport and CMTKG polymer chain relaxation dynamics.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p> <p>Carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG) as a water reservoirs and plant micronutrients carriers for sustained release</p>

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Carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum bio-hydrogel for soil amendment and micronutrient release in sustainable agricultural technologies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Tarun Kumar Gayen,
  • Mohammad Amdad Ali,
  • Sudhir G. Warkar

摘要

Water scarcity poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity, leading to substantial crop losses each year. In this study, we synthesized a superabsorbent, eco-friendly bio-hydrogel from carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG), using epichlorohydrin as a crosslinking agent. The hydrogel is designed to act both as a water reservoir and a slow-release carrier for essential micronutrients. The bio-hydrogel synthesized under optimized conditions exhibited a swelling of 23,845% and a reswelling capacity of 6,217% after five cycles at room temperature (25 °C). The swollen hydrogel retained water in air for up to 16 days. When incorporated into soil, this retention period was extended by about 48 days compared to soil without the hydrogel. The maximum water-holding capacity of the soil was increased by 90% compared to the control soil sample. Biodegradation analysis showed a weight loss of the hydrogel by 98% after 60 days. In a blackberry plantation study, the germination rate and survival rate were 25% and 85% higher, respectively, than those planted in the control soil. As a proof of the concept, molybdenum (Mo) was loaded into the CMTKG-based bio-hydrogel to demonstrate controlled release of micronutrients. The hydrogel released approximately 86% of the loaded Mo into water over a period of 19 days. Kinetic modeling showed that both the first order and Peppas–Sahlin models provided the best fit, indicating that Mo release kinetics involve a combination of concentration-gradient-driven transport and CMTKG polymer chain relaxation dynamics.

Graphical abstract

Carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG) as a water reservoirs and plant micronutrients carriers for sustained release