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<p>Hemorrhagic death is a major cause of trauma-related mortality, often worsened by microbial infections. This study presents a novel PVA-based hydrogel composite incorporating kaolin and thyme oil (0.1–0.5%) via freeze/thaw crosslinking. FT-IR confirmed successful integration, while SEM showed enhanced porosity in PVA-K-Thy0.1. Swelling, water retention, and degradation resistance improved with increasing Thyme oil content, with PVA-K-Thy0.5 showing the highest water uptake (540 ± 27%) and lowest degradation (35 ± 1.75%). Antibacterial assays revealed strong activity against <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i>, especially in PVA-K-Thy0.5 (84–85% inhibition), although higher Thyme oil levels led to increased hemolysis (30 ± 1.5%) and cytotoxicity (73 ± 5%). PVA-K-Thy0.1 exhibited optimal hemocompatibility, cell viability, and thrombogenicity (0.82 ± 0.057&#xa0;g). Total phenolic content, highest in PVA-K-Thy0.5, correlated with antibacterial performance. While PVA-K-Thy0.5 showed superior antimicrobial effects, PVA-K-Thy0.1 offered the best balance of biocompatibility and hemostatic activity. These findings suggest that PVA-K-Thy0.1 is a promising candidate for wound care, though further in vivo validation is needed to confirm clinical applicability.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>

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Innovative PVA-kaolin-thyme composite: synthesis, hemostatic efficiency, and antimicrobial properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月10日

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  • Irshad Ahmed,
  • Urooj Javed

摘要

Hemorrhagic death is a major cause of trauma-related mortality, often worsened by microbial infections. This study presents a novel PVA-based hydrogel composite incorporating kaolin and thyme oil (0.1–0.5%) via freeze/thaw crosslinking. FT-IR confirmed successful integration, while SEM showed enhanced porosity in PVA-K-Thy0.1. Swelling, water retention, and degradation resistance improved with increasing Thyme oil content, with PVA-K-Thy0.5 showing the highest water uptake (540 ± 27%) and lowest degradation (35 ± 1.75%). Antibacterial assays revealed strong activity against E. coli and S. aureus, especially in PVA-K-Thy0.5 (84–85% inhibition), although higher Thyme oil levels led to increased hemolysis (30 ± 1.5%) and cytotoxicity (73 ± 5%). PVA-K-Thy0.1 exhibited optimal hemocompatibility, cell viability, and thrombogenicity (0.82 ± 0.057 g). Total phenolic content, highest in PVA-K-Thy0.5, correlated with antibacterial performance. While PVA-K-Thy0.5 showed superior antimicrobial effects, PVA-K-Thy0.1 offered the best balance of biocompatibility and hemostatic activity. These findings suggest that PVA-K-Thy0.1 is a promising candidate for wound care, though further in vivo validation is needed to confirm clinical applicability.

Graphic abstract