<p>This study is focused on the development and comprehensive characterization of a pioneering cellulose-based polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite, with a primary focus on elevating mechanical attributes, antimicrobial efficacy and biodegradability. The fabricated composite, exemplified by S₃ (cellulose 25%, PVA 5%, aloe vera 2%), exhibits an exceptional tensile strength of 48.81&#xa0;MPa and an elongation percentage of 35%, surpassing the mechanical performance of pure cellulose fiber. The integration of cellulose waste, aloe vera extract and PVA synergistically imparted potent antimicrobial activity, resulting in a substantial 47% reduction in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> growth. In-depth structural analyses, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope and water absorption analysis, provide valuable insights into the dispersion characteristics, chemical compatibility, molecular characteristics, crystallinity, heightened thermal stability and intricate microstructure of the composite. Notably, the developed composite demonstrated outstanding biodegradability, achieving a 70% degradation rate after 60&#xa0;days, surpassing comparable materials. These findings underscore the potential of cellulose-based PVA composite as a promising solution, environmentally conscientious alternative, especially in the realm of footwear applications. The fabricated composite serves as a versatile and sustainable material for footwear insoles and midsoles, representing a significant step toward developing greener and more innovative materials with a wide range of applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p>Figure: Fabricating biodegradable and antibacterial composite footwear material</p> <p></p>