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<p>In this study, seven water‑in‑oil (W/O) nanoemulsion (NE) (NE-21 to NE-27) were developed via high-pressure microfluidization (100–500&#xa0;nm droplets, Zeta-potential − 3.6 to + 64.5&#xa0;mV) The formulations comprised sunflower, castor, or olive oils, non‑ionic surfactants Tween‑60 and Brij‑30 (6–8%), cetylpyridinium chloride (1%), and active agents including silver nanoparticles (0.05%) and sodium hypochlorite (2.5%). From over thirty preliminary formulations, seven were selected based on physicochemical stability, with no phase separation observed over seven days at 25&#xa0;°C. Then evaluated against <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> reference strains (ATCC 35657, MTCC 432) and clinical multidrug‑resistant (MDR) <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. clinical isolates (CI-1 to CI-3). NE-25/NE-26 showed notable antimicrobial activity (MIC 40–94&#xa0;µg/mL, 45–106 × dilutions), rapid bactericidal action (30&#xa0;min), 83.92% biofilm inhibition, and metabolic suppression (OCR 0.11&#xa0;nmol&#xa0;mL⁻<sup>1</sup>&#xa0;min⁻<sup>1</sup>) despite minimal membrane damage (&lt; 10% leakage). Low hemolytic activity under static agar conditions and high NIH/3T3 cell viability (NE-23/25 &gt; 240% at 100 μL via MTT) acceptable biocompatibility. Favorable pH (4.46–6.27), spreadability (53–139 mm<sup>2</sup>), and controlled release (10–22% in 24&#xa0;h) support topical use against <i>Klebsiella</i>, combining multi-target efficacy with acceptable safety.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Nanoemulsion-Mediated Suppression of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae via Oxygen Consumption Reduction and Biofilm Inhibition

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月30日

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  • Rafeedah Fathuddin,
  • Karthikeyan Ramalingam

摘要

In this study, seven water‑in‑oil (W/O) nanoemulsion (NE) (NE-21 to NE-27) were developed via high-pressure microfluidization (100–500 nm droplets, Zeta-potential − 3.6 to + 64.5 mV) The formulations comprised sunflower, castor, or olive oils, non‑ionic surfactants Tween‑60 and Brij‑30 (6–8%), cetylpyridinium chloride (1%), and active agents including silver nanoparticles (0.05%) and sodium hypochlorite (2.5%). From over thirty preliminary formulations, seven were selected based on physicochemical stability, with no phase separation observed over seven days at 25 °C. Then evaluated against Klebsiella pneumoniae reference strains (ATCC 35657, MTCC 432) and clinical multidrug‑resistant (MDR) Klebsiella spp. clinical isolates (CI-1 to CI-3). NE-25/NE-26 showed notable antimicrobial activity (MIC 40–94 µg/mL, 45–106 × dilutions), rapid bactericidal action (30 min), 83.92% biofilm inhibition, and metabolic suppression (OCR 0.11 nmol mL⁻1 min⁻1) despite minimal membrane damage (< 10% leakage). Low hemolytic activity under static agar conditions and high NIH/3T3 cell viability (NE-23/25 > 240% at 100 μL via MTT) acceptable biocompatibility. Favorable pH (4.46–6.27), spreadability (53–139 mm2), and controlled release (10–22% in 24 h) support topical use against Klebsiella, combining multi-target efficacy with acceptable safety.

Graphical abstract