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<p>Postbiotics—preparations of inanimate microorganisms (characterized strains only) and/or their bioactive components that confer health benefits through controlled trials—offer safety and stability advantages over live probiotics. Safety exceeds probiotics (no colonization risks), though regulatory frameworks remain inconsistent. The postbiotic supplements market is projected to reach US$30.5&#xa0;million by 2034. This review details their classification [four subgroups: complex non-viable microbial preparations (CX), intact non-viable microbial cells (IC), fragmented microbial cells (FC), and microbial metabolic products (MM)], production methods (SmF/SSF fermentation, extraction, inactivation, semi-synthetic approaches), and analytical techniques (HPLC, GC-MS, flow cytometry, functional assays). Therapeutic applications include gut barrier integrity, anti-inflammatory effects (SCFAs like butyrate), metabolic disorders (diabetes/obesity), skin health (acne/wound healing), <i>H. pylori</i> eradication, cholesterol reduction, women’s health, sports performance, and veterinary applications. Evidence comprises primarily preclinical studies with emerging clinical data. European Union novel food authorization for pasteurized <i>A. muciniphila</i> represents a key regulatory precedent. Challenges include standardization, strain-specific efficacy, clinical replication, and regulatory harmonization across global frameworks. Future research priorities encompass mechanism elucidation, dose standardization, multi-omics analysis, and controlled trials. Postbiotics hold transformative potential for precision nutrition, functional foods, and therapeutics in human/animal health.</p>

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Postbiotics: Definitions, Manufacturing, Analytical Characterization, and Clinical Evidence for Human and Animal Health

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月3日

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  • Narendra U. Mokashe,
  • Reshma Talkal,
  • Pradipta Tokdar

摘要

Postbiotics—preparations of inanimate microorganisms (characterized strains only) and/or their bioactive components that confer health benefits through controlled trials—offer safety and stability advantages over live probiotics. Safety exceeds probiotics (no colonization risks), though regulatory frameworks remain inconsistent. The postbiotic supplements market is projected to reach US$30.5 million by 2034. This review details their classification [four subgroups: complex non-viable microbial preparations (CX), intact non-viable microbial cells (IC), fragmented microbial cells (FC), and microbial metabolic products (MM)], production methods (SmF/SSF fermentation, extraction, inactivation, semi-synthetic approaches), and analytical techniques (HPLC, GC-MS, flow cytometry, functional assays). Therapeutic applications include gut barrier integrity, anti-inflammatory effects (SCFAs like butyrate), metabolic disorders (diabetes/obesity), skin health (acne/wound healing), H. pylori eradication, cholesterol reduction, women’s health, sports performance, and veterinary applications. Evidence comprises primarily preclinical studies with emerging clinical data. European Union novel food authorization for pasteurized A. muciniphila represents a key regulatory precedent. Challenges include standardization, strain-specific efficacy, clinical replication, and regulatory harmonization across global frameworks. Future research priorities encompass mechanism elucidation, dose standardization, multi-omics analysis, and controlled trials. Postbiotics hold transformative potential for precision nutrition, functional foods, and therapeutics in human/animal health.