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<p>2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a nitroaromatic compound produced as a secondary explosive for military and civilian purposes. Its inadequate management and handling often lead to contamination of environmental matrices. Among various treatment technologies, bioremediation has proven to be an effective, sustainable solution for TNT degradation. In this study, the potential of two indigenous microbial strains, <i>Paenibacillus dendritiformis</i> and <i>Arthrobacter subterraneus</i>, isolated from an explosive-contaminated site, are compared to biodegrade TNT. The TNT concentration were taken upto its maximum solubility under nutrient-limited conditions. The experiment evaluated the ability of the strains to utilise TNT under environmental conditions. Strains were independently subjected to four TNT concentrations: 60, 80, 100, and 120&#xa0;mg/L in two distinct mineral compositions. The findings revealed that <i>Paenibacillus dendritiformis</i> exhibited remarkable degradation capabilities, with almost 100% TNT degradation when utilized as a nitrogen source and approximately 92% when served as a nitrogen and carbon source both at an initial TNT concentration of 60&#xa0;mg/L. Further, <i>Arthrobacter subterraneus</i> demonstrated a lower degradation potential of approximately 64.5% in both nutrient conditions. The degraded medium was analyzed with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the effects of varying nutrient conditions on intermediate product formation. The biotransformation products identified are 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-A-2,6-DNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-A-4,6-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, Meisenheimer complex, 4-Nitrotoluene (4-NT). The degradation filtrates were further evaluated through the USEPA seed germination assay to compare the phytotoxic effects of TNT and its transformation products. SEM analysis also confirmed that both the strains maintained their morphological structure under TNT exposure, demonstrating their ability to utilize TNT as a nutrient source.</p>

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Comparative Assessment of Trinitrotoluene (T) Biodegradation Potential Using Two Indigenous Bacterial Species Isolated from an Explosive-Contaminated Site

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Shruti Kaushik,
  • Pritam Sangwan,
  • Kapil Kumar,
  • P. K. Rai

摘要

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a nitroaromatic compound produced as a secondary explosive for military and civilian purposes. Its inadequate management and handling often lead to contamination of environmental matrices. Among various treatment technologies, bioremediation has proven to be an effective, sustainable solution for TNT degradation. In this study, the potential of two indigenous microbial strains, Paenibacillus dendritiformis and Arthrobacter subterraneus, isolated from an explosive-contaminated site, are compared to biodegrade TNT. The TNT concentration were taken upto its maximum solubility under nutrient-limited conditions. The experiment evaluated the ability of the strains to utilise TNT under environmental conditions. Strains were independently subjected to four TNT concentrations: 60, 80, 100, and 120 mg/L in two distinct mineral compositions. The findings revealed that Paenibacillus dendritiformis exhibited remarkable degradation capabilities, with almost 100% TNT degradation when utilized as a nitrogen source and approximately 92% when served as a nitrogen and carbon source both at an initial TNT concentration of 60 mg/L. Further, Arthrobacter subterraneus demonstrated a lower degradation potential of approximately 64.5% in both nutrient conditions. The degraded medium was analyzed with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the effects of varying nutrient conditions on intermediate product formation. The biotransformation products identified are 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-A-2,6-DNT), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-A-4,6-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, Meisenheimer complex, 4-Nitrotoluene (4-NT). The degradation filtrates were further evaluated through the USEPA seed germination assay to compare the phytotoxic effects of TNT and its transformation products. SEM analysis also confirmed that both the strains maintained their morphological structure under TNT exposure, demonstrating their ability to utilize TNT as a nutrient source.