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<p>Endophytic fungi represent promising sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. The biological effects of ethyl acetate extracts from two endophytic fungi (<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> and Pleosporales) isolated from <i>Terminalia phanerophlebia</i> root and bark tissues were examined in this study. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and bactericidal/fungicidal assays against human pathogens. Both extracts demonstrated significant activity against multidrug-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), with <i>A. fumigatus</i> showing superior potency (MIC: 15.6 µg/mL) and Pleosporales, 62.5 µg/mL. Antioxidant properties were assessed <i>via</i> 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, revealing dose-dependent activity with IC₅₀ values of 167.39 and 132.33&#xa0;µg/mL for <i>A. fumigatus</i>, and 209.69 and 174.20&#xa0;µg/mL for Pleosporales, respectively. Preliminary cytotoxic effects were measured using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole) assay on breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and normal kidney (HEK 293) cells. Both extracts exhibited selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells with minimal effects on normal cells. Apoptotic induction was confirmed through ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining. Chemical profiling <i>via</i> gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy identified bioactive compounds, including pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives, phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid esters. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of endophytic fungi from <i>T. phanerophlebia</i> as a source of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and potential anticancer agents. However, further investigations are needed to establish these findings in clinical studies.</p>

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Assessment of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxicity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Root and Bark of Terminalia phanerophlebia (Engl. & Diels)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Folasade O. Banji-Onisile,
  • Nneka A. Akwu,
  • Tosin A. Olasehinde,
  • Samson O. Egbewale,
  • Ademola O. Olaniran

摘要

Endophytic fungi represent promising sources of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. The biological effects of ethyl acetate extracts from two endophytic fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus and Pleosporales) isolated from Terminalia phanerophlebia root and bark tissues were examined in this study. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and bactericidal/fungicidal assays against human pathogens. Both extracts demonstrated significant activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with A. fumigatus showing superior potency (MIC: 15.6 µg/mL) and Pleosporales, 62.5 µg/mL. Antioxidant properties were assessed via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, revealing dose-dependent activity with IC₅₀ values of 167.39 and 132.33 µg/mL for A. fumigatus, and 209.69 and 174.20 µg/mL for Pleosporales, respectively. Preliminary cytotoxic effects were measured using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a tetrazole) assay on breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and normal kidney (HEK 293) cells. Both extracts exhibited selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells with minimal effects on normal cells. Apoptotic induction was confirmed through ethidium bromide/acridine orange staining. Chemical profiling via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy identified bioactive compounds, including pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives, phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid esters. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of endophytic fungi from T. phanerophlebia as a source of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and potential anticancer agents. However, further investigations are needed to establish these findings in clinical studies.