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<p>Reclaimed water (RW) irrigation is increasingly adopted to alleviate agricultural water scarcity; however, its complex composition—characterized by elevated nitrogen, salinity, and organic matter—introduces substantial uncertainty in estimating soil nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions. Conventional process-based models rarely account for irrigation water quality as an explicit driver, limiting their ability to represent emission dynamics under RW conditions. Here, we developed a hierarchical Bayesian (HB) model based on a two-year field experiment comparing RW and GW irrigation to quantify uncertainty, fertilizer-induced dynamics, and environmental sensitivity of soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. The HB model successfully reproduced observed temporal variability, with 95% posterior predictive intervals encompassing over 90% of measured fluxes. Fertilization-related kinetic parameters (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{{k}}_{{a}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{{k}}_{{b}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and g) were 1.8–2.5 times higher under RW than under GW irrigation, indicating faster rise and decay kinetics of fertilizer-induced N<sub>2</sub>O emission pulses, as well as enhanced scaling between background emissions and fertilization-driven responses. The temperature sensitivity parameter (Q<sub>10</sub>) was estimated at 1.73 ± 0.28, while the optimal water-filled pore space (W<sub>opt</sub>) occurred at 0.68 ± 0.07. However, marginal effect analysis revealed reduced instantaneous sensitivities of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to temperature and soil moisture under RW, accompanied by wider 95% credible intervals, indicating a weaker but more uncertain environmental control. Posterior fertilizer-induced emission factors (EFs) exhibited higher medians under RW (0.94%) than under GW (0.71%), together with broader posterior distributions. Overall, these results demonstrate that RW irrigation alters fertilizer-driven emission dynamics and environmental responsiveness, leading to increased uncertainty but reduced environmental sensitivity of soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. This study provides a quantitative framework for improving greenhouse gas emission modeling and uncertainty assessment under complex RW irrigation systems.</p>

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Reclaimed water irrigation alters fertilization-driven and environmental controls of soil N₂O emissions: a hierarchical bayesian analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月12日

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  • Yuanhao Zhu,
  • Yanbing Chi,
  • Peiling Yang

摘要

Reclaimed water (RW) irrigation is increasingly adopted to alleviate agricultural water scarcity; however, its complex composition—characterized by elevated nitrogen, salinity, and organic matter—introduces substantial uncertainty in estimating soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Conventional process-based models rarely account for irrigation water quality as an explicit driver, limiting their ability to represent emission dynamics under RW conditions. Here, we developed a hierarchical Bayesian (HB) model based on a two-year field experiment comparing RW and GW irrigation to quantify uncertainty, fertilizer-induced dynamics, and environmental sensitivity of soil N2O emissions. The HB model successfully reproduced observed temporal variability, with 95% posterior predictive intervals encompassing over 90% of measured fluxes. Fertilization-related kinetic parameters ( \(\:{{k}}_{{a}}\) , \(\:{{k}}_{{b}}\) and g) were 1.8–2.5 times higher under RW than under GW irrigation, indicating faster rise and decay kinetics of fertilizer-induced N2O emission pulses, as well as enhanced scaling between background emissions and fertilization-driven responses. The temperature sensitivity parameter (Q10) was estimated at 1.73 ± 0.28, while the optimal water-filled pore space (Wopt) occurred at 0.68 ± 0.07. However, marginal effect analysis revealed reduced instantaneous sensitivities of N2O emissions to temperature and soil moisture under RW, accompanied by wider 95% credible intervals, indicating a weaker but more uncertain environmental control. Posterior fertilizer-induced emission factors (EFs) exhibited higher medians under RW (0.94%) than under GW (0.71%), together with broader posterior distributions. Overall, these results demonstrate that RW irrigation alters fertilizer-driven emission dynamics and environmental responsiveness, leading to increased uncertainty but reduced environmental sensitivity of soil N2O emissions. This study provides a quantitative framework for improving greenhouse gas emission modeling and uncertainty assessment under complex RW irrigation systems.