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<p>Micro-sprinkler systems are widely employed in greenhouse cultivation and field production to alleviate elevated air temperatures (<i>T</i><sub><i>a</i></sub>) during summer, thereby preventing heat-induced growth inhibition and minimizing yield losses. However, the effectiveness of micro-sprinkler systems in regulating the greenhouse micro-climate and mitigating heat stress in crops varies significantly depending on the application frequencies and durations. Therefore, this study applied two frequencies and three durations to determine the optimal combination of spraying for balancing water-use and effective thermal-stress mitigation under fluctuating temperature conditions. The results showed that micro-sprinkler application significantly reduced <i>T</i><sub><i>a</i></sub>, leaf temperature (<i>T</i><sub><i>l</i></sub>), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) compared with the control (CK) (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Structural equation modeling using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) highlighted the central role of temperature regulation in enhancing photosynthetic performance. Although the F2D2 treatment produced the highest tomato yield and the F1D2 and F2D1 treatments achieved the greatest economic returns, the optimal irrigation strategy could not be definitively determined under fluctuating temperature conditions. Greenhouse temperature control experiments demonstrated that heat stress in tomato plants progressively intensified as <i>T</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> increased from 30 to 40&#xa0;°C, and micro-sprinkler exhibited variable efficacy in mitigating this stress depending on environmental conditions. Integrated evaluation using the EWM-TOPSIS approach revealed consistently lower scores for the CK, F1D1, and F1D2 treatments across all temperature ranges. The F2D1 treatment achieved the highest score at temperatures below 31.2&#xa0;°C, F2D2 was optimal in the range of 32.5&#xa0;°C to 38.6&#xa0;°C, while F1D3 was identified as the most cost-effective and efficient micro-sprinkler strategy at temperatures above 38.7&#xa0;°C. This study aims to advancing the understanding and application of environmental management practices under high-temperature stress in the greenhouse. Future research should include outdoor field studies to replicate experiments, incorporating a dynamically adjusted misting micro-sprinkler treatment mode based on ambient temperature to validate the feasibility and universality of temperature-regulated micro-sprinkler mode.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Temperature-responsive regulation of combined drip and micro-sprinkler systems in greenhouses: an EWM-TOPSIS approach for enhancing tomato heat resilience and irrigation efficiency

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月6日

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  • Chuan Zhang,
  • Run Xue,
  • Haofang Yan,
  • Imran Ali Lakhiar,
  • Jiangtao Ren,
  • Kinde Negessa Disasa,
  • Muhammad Akhlaq,
  • Shuaishuai Deng

摘要

Micro-sprinkler systems are widely employed in greenhouse cultivation and field production to alleviate elevated air temperatures (Ta) during summer, thereby preventing heat-induced growth inhibition and minimizing yield losses. However, the effectiveness of micro-sprinkler systems in regulating the greenhouse micro-climate and mitigating heat stress in crops varies significantly depending on the application frequencies and durations. Therefore, this study applied two frequencies and three durations to determine the optimal combination of spraying for balancing water-use and effective thermal-stress mitigation under fluctuating temperature conditions. The results showed that micro-sprinkler application significantly reduced Ta, leaf temperature (Tl), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) compared with the control (CK) (P < 0.05). Structural equation modeling using partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) highlighted the central role of temperature regulation in enhancing photosynthetic performance. Although the F2D2 treatment produced the highest tomato yield and the F1D2 and F2D1 treatments achieved the greatest economic returns, the optimal irrigation strategy could not be definitively determined under fluctuating temperature conditions. Greenhouse temperature control experiments demonstrated that heat stress in tomato plants progressively intensified as Ta increased from 30 to 40 °C, and micro-sprinkler exhibited variable efficacy in mitigating this stress depending on environmental conditions. Integrated evaluation using the EWM-TOPSIS approach revealed consistently lower scores for the CK, F1D1, and F1D2 treatments across all temperature ranges. The F2D1 treatment achieved the highest score at temperatures below 31.2 °C, F2D2 was optimal in the range of 32.5 °C to 38.6 °C, while F1D3 was identified as the most cost-effective and efficient micro-sprinkler strategy at temperatures above 38.7 °C. This study aims to advancing the understanding and application of environmental management practices under high-temperature stress in the greenhouse. Future research should include outdoor field studies to replicate experiments, incorporating a dynamically adjusted misting micro-sprinkler treatment mode based on ambient temperature to validate the feasibility and universality of temperature-regulated micro-sprinkler mode.

Graphical abstract