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Background <p>The biomechanics of frontalis muscle contraction and its interaction with skin remain contentious, particularly the debated bidirectional movement theory. This study introduces the quantum elasticity and resistance gradient (QERG) model to explain observed skin dynamics during frontalis contraction using elastic resistance principles.</p> Methods <p>An AI-driven biomechanical model incorporating deep learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch) was developed to simulate skin deformation and muscle forces during frontalis contraction. The model was trained using 3D facial scans from a diverse cohort of 600 subjects, representing various ethnicities, genders, and ages. Resistance gradients and wrinkle formation were calculated using finite element analysis, and machine learning (random forest, deep neural networks) was employed to predict skin behaviour.</p> Results <p>Cranial displacement averaged 6.9&#xa0;mm across all subjects, with younger individuals (18–30&#xa0;years) showing higher displacement than older individuals (50–65&#xa0;years). Ethnic differences in displacement and wrinkle formation were observed, with Caucasians exhibiting greater displacement (7.3&#xa0;mm) compared to African Americans and Asians (6.0&#xa0;mm and 5.8&#xa0;mm). The QERG model predicted skin folding at an average threshold of 41.2&#xa0;mm above the eyebrows, with variations linked to ethnicity, age, and gender. AI models achieved high accuracy (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.96), validating the model's predictive power.</p> Conclusion <p>The QERG model confirms that frontalis muscle contraction is unidirectional, with skin folding attributed to elastic resistance rather than opposing forces. These findings challenge previous theories of bidirectional contraction and have implications for aesthetic treatments.</p> Level of Evidence III <p>This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors <a href="http://www.springer.com/00266">www.springer.com/00266</a>.</p>

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Frontalis Only Contracts in One Direction: AI–Quantum Elasticity and Resistance Gradient Reveals True Nature of Forehead Muscle Movement

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月27日

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  • Eqram Rahman,
  • William Richard Webb,
  • Parinitha Rao,
  • Shabnam Sadeghi-Esfahlani,
  • Nanze Yu,
  • Patricia E. Garcia,
  • Sotirios Ioannidis,
  • Karim Sayed,
  • Wolfgang G. Philipp-Dormston,
  • Ada R. T. Almeida,
  • Woffles T. L. Wu,
  • Greg J. Goodman,
  • Jean D. A. Carruthers

摘要

Background

The biomechanics of frontalis muscle contraction and its interaction with skin remain contentious, particularly the debated bidirectional movement theory. This study introduces the quantum elasticity and resistance gradient (QERG) model to explain observed skin dynamics during frontalis contraction using elastic resistance principles.

Methods

An AI-driven biomechanical model incorporating deep learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch) was developed to simulate skin deformation and muscle forces during frontalis contraction. The model was trained using 3D facial scans from a diverse cohort of 600 subjects, representing various ethnicities, genders, and ages. Resistance gradients and wrinkle formation were calculated using finite element analysis, and machine learning (random forest, deep neural networks) was employed to predict skin behaviour.

Results

Cranial displacement averaged 6.9 mm across all subjects, with younger individuals (18–30 years) showing higher displacement than older individuals (50–65 years). Ethnic differences in displacement and wrinkle formation were observed, with Caucasians exhibiting greater displacement (7.3 mm) compared to African Americans and Asians (6.0 mm and 5.8 mm). The QERG model predicted skin folding at an average threshold of 41.2 mm above the eyebrows, with variations linked to ethnicity, age, and gender. AI models achieved high accuracy (R2 = 0.96), validating the model's predictive power.

Conclusion

The QERG model confirms that frontalis muscle contraction is unidirectional, with skin folding attributed to elastic resistance rather than opposing forces. These findings challenge previous theories of bidirectional contraction and have implications for aesthetic treatments.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.