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<p>To avoid predator or prey detection, cryptic animals can use background-matching coloration or disruptive patterns with a high-contrast. While it has been suggested that larger individuals may be less cryptic, this idea remains controversial, as studies that control for confounding visual factors, such as body shape, and directly quantify crypsis are lacking. To clarify the role of body size in crypsis, we conducted a controlled experiment using 3D-printed shell models of three turtle species, each displaying either background matching or disruptive coloration, while also simulating natural variation in body size and shape. The efficacy of crypsis was quantified using the Receptor Noise Limited Model to calculate chromatic and luminance Just Noticeable Differences (background matching), and the efficacy of disruptive coloration using the Gabor edge disruption ratio method to assess. The relationship between body size and crypsis efficacy then examined was evaluated using three predator vision models. After controlling for shape parameters and carapace height, no significant correlations were detected between carapace length and chromatic or luminance Just Noticeable Differences or with the Gabor edge disruption ratio. These results demonstrate that body size does not influence the background matching or disruptive coloration efficacy in these three turtle species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study to evaluate the relationship between body size and crypsis in vertebrates, providing new insights into the interactions among morphology, visual perception, and anti-predator strategies.</p>

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Body size does not affect crypsis: evidence from 3D-printed turtle models

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Hongmin Yu,
  • Na Xia,
  • Xiangfu Kong,
  • QiuTong Xie,
  • Jiachun Chen,
  • Fanrong Xiao

摘要

To avoid predator or prey detection, cryptic animals can use background-matching coloration or disruptive patterns with a high-contrast. While it has been suggested that larger individuals may be less cryptic, this idea remains controversial, as studies that control for confounding visual factors, such as body shape, and directly quantify crypsis are lacking. To clarify the role of body size in crypsis, we conducted a controlled experiment using 3D-printed shell models of three turtle species, each displaying either background matching or disruptive coloration, while also simulating natural variation in body size and shape. The efficacy of crypsis was quantified using the Receptor Noise Limited Model to calculate chromatic and luminance Just Noticeable Differences (background matching), and the efficacy of disruptive coloration using the Gabor edge disruption ratio method to assess. The relationship between body size and crypsis efficacy then examined was evaluated using three predator vision models. After controlling for shape parameters and carapace height, no significant correlations were detected between carapace length and chromatic or luminance Just Noticeable Differences or with the Gabor edge disruption ratio. These results demonstrate that body size does not influence the background matching or disruptive coloration efficacy in these three turtle species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic study to evaluate the relationship between body size and crypsis in vertebrates, providing new insights into the interactions among morphology, visual perception, and anti-predator strategies.