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Background <p>Anti-GD2 immunotherapy has improved outcomes in high-risk neuroblastoma; however, therapeutic responses remain heterogeneous. Although GD2 is generally assumed to be uniformly expressed in neuroblastoma, its spatial distribution within clinical tumors has not been systematically characterized. We therefore investigated intratumoral GD2 heterogeneity using whole-slide immunohistochemistry and explored its molecular regulation.</p> Methods <p>GD2 expression was evaluated in 45 FFPE neuroblastoma tumors using standardized whole-slide immunohistochemistry and independently assessed by two pathologists. GD2 surface expression was analyzed by flow cytometry in 12 neuroblastoma cell lines. Functional roles of ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes were evaluated using siRNA-mediated knockdown.</p> Results <p>Whole-slide immunohistochemistry demonstrated frequent intratumoral GD2 heterogeneity. Fourteen tumors (31%) contained &lt;90% GD2-positive tumor cells, with spatial coexistence of GD2-positive and GD2-negative tumor cell populations within the same lesion. One tumor showed minimal GD2 expression with only rare GD2-positive tumor cells. Consistent with these tissue-level findings, GD2 surface expression varied widely across neuroblastoma cell lines and within clonally related subpopulations. Among ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes, <i>ST8SIA1</i> showed the strongest association with GD2 expression, and siRNA-mediated suppression of <i>ST8SIA1</i> significantly reduced GD2 surface expression.</p> Conclusions <p>GD2 expression in neuroblastoma is frequently heterogeneous, with spatial coexistence of GD2-positive and GD2-negative tumor cells within individual tumors. These findings suggest that GD2 exists along a biological continuum rather than a uniform phenotype and provide a framework for future studies investigating the biological and clinical significance of GD2 heterogeneity. (228 words).</p>

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Spatial and graded heterogeneity of GD2 expression in neuroblastoma revealed by whole-slide immunohistochemistry

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Tomoko Fujikawa,
  • Shotaro Inoue,
  • Akihiro Nishimura,
  • Naoko Nakatani,
  • Nobuyuki Yamamoto,
  • Toshiki Hyodo,
  • Makiko Yoshida,
  • Daiichiro Hasegawa,
  • Kandai Nozu,
  • Akihiro Tamura

摘要

Background

Anti-GD2 immunotherapy has improved outcomes in high-risk neuroblastoma; however, therapeutic responses remain heterogeneous. Although GD2 is generally assumed to be uniformly expressed in neuroblastoma, its spatial distribution within clinical tumors has not been systematically characterized. We therefore investigated intratumoral GD2 heterogeneity using whole-slide immunohistochemistry and explored its molecular regulation.

Methods

GD2 expression was evaluated in 45 FFPE neuroblastoma tumors using standardized whole-slide immunohistochemistry and independently assessed by two pathologists. GD2 surface expression was analyzed by flow cytometry in 12 neuroblastoma cell lines. Functional roles of ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes were evaluated using siRNA-mediated knockdown.

Results

Whole-slide immunohistochemistry demonstrated frequent intratumoral GD2 heterogeneity. Fourteen tumors (31%) contained <90% GD2-positive tumor cells, with spatial coexistence of GD2-positive and GD2-negative tumor cell populations within the same lesion. One tumor showed minimal GD2 expression with only rare GD2-positive tumor cells. Consistent with these tissue-level findings, GD2 surface expression varied widely across neuroblastoma cell lines and within clonally related subpopulations. Among ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes, ST8SIA1 showed the strongest association with GD2 expression, and siRNA-mediated suppression of ST8SIA1 significantly reduced GD2 surface expression.

Conclusions

GD2 expression in neuroblastoma is frequently heterogeneous, with spatial coexistence of GD2-positive and GD2-negative tumor cells within individual tumors. These findings suggest that GD2 exists along a biological continuum rather than a uniform phenotype and provide a framework for future studies investigating the biological and clinical significance of GD2 heterogeneity. (228 words).