Abstract Background <p>Linezolid (LNZ) is considered one of the last-resort antimicrobial agents reserved for treating methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (VRSA). The development of resistance against linezolid necessitates the exploration of novel therapies.&#xa0; Aim: This study aims to investigate the synergistic activity of various combinations of linezolid with non-antibiotic through in vitro and in vivo approaches.</p> Methods and Results <p>In our research, 44 <i>S. aureus</i> isolates were obtained from various clinical sources. <i>S. aureus</i> isolates presented high levels of resistance to β-lactams and moderate resistance to doxycycline and erythromycin. Among the isolates, 43 (97.73%) were MRSA, 10 (22.73%) were linezolid resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (LRSA), and 17 (38.64%) were classified as VRSA. A total of 97.73% of the isolates presented the <i>mecA</i> gene (MRSA), whereas the <i>optrA</i> gene was detected in 9.09% of the isolates (LRSA). &#xa0;The synergistic activity of nine compounds with linezolid was assessed in vitro against LRSA isolates using broth microdilution and checkerboard microdilution methods. Linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam combinations showed fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) ranging from 0.28 to 0.5 against LRSA isolates. Time-kill curves were used to confirm their bactericidal activity. Promising combinations (linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam) were further evaluated in vivo LRSA-induced lung infection murine animal model. Compared with monotherapy, combination therapies significantly enhance bacterial eradication and increase sensitivity to linezolid, resulting in superior bacterial eradication. Linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam combinations provided complete protection (100% survival), improved lung pathology, and enhanced clinical scores.&#xa0;</p> Conclusion <p>This study presents two novel combination therapies (linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam) with promising applications in treating severe LRSA infections.</p> Key points <p><UnorderedList Mark="Bullet"> <ItemContent> <p><i>optrA gene was detected in four linezolid S. aureus–resistant isolates (LRSA)</i></p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p><i>Linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam synergism was detected against LRSA.</i></p> </ItemContent> <ItemContent> <p><i>Combinations revealed complete lung protection in lung-infected LRSA murine model.</i></p> </ItemContent> </UnorderedList></p>

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In vitro and in vivo synergistic effects of cyclizine and piroxicam in combination with linezolid against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  • Mai A. Moawad,
  • Abeer M. Abd El-Aziz,
  • Mona I. Shaaban

摘要

Abstract Background

Linezolid (LNZ) is considered one of the last-resort antimicrobial agents reserved for treating methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). The development of resistance against linezolid necessitates the exploration of novel therapies.  Aim: This study aims to investigate the synergistic activity of various combinations of linezolid with non-antibiotic through in vitro and in vivo approaches.

Methods and Results

In our research, 44 S. aureus isolates were obtained from various clinical sources. S. aureus isolates presented high levels of resistance to β-lactams and moderate resistance to doxycycline and erythromycin. Among the isolates, 43 (97.73%) were MRSA, 10 (22.73%) were linezolid resistant S. aureus (LRSA), and 17 (38.64%) were classified as VRSA. A total of 97.73% of the isolates presented the mecA gene (MRSA), whereas the optrA gene was detected in 9.09% of the isolates (LRSA).  The synergistic activity of nine compounds with linezolid was assessed in vitro against LRSA isolates using broth microdilution and checkerboard microdilution methods. Linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam combinations showed fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) ranging from 0.28 to 0.5 against LRSA isolates. Time-kill curves were used to confirm their bactericidal activity. Promising combinations (linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam) were further evaluated in vivo LRSA-induced lung infection murine animal model. Compared with monotherapy, combination therapies significantly enhance bacterial eradication and increase sensitivity to linezolid, resulting in superior bacterial eradication. Linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam combinations provided complete protection (100% survival), improved lung pathology, and enhanced clinical scores. 

Conclusion

This study presents two novel combination therapies (linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam) with promising applications in treating severe LRSA infections.

Key points

optrA gene was detected in four linezolid S. aureus–resistant isolates (LRSA)

Linezolid/cyclizine and linezolid/piroxicam synergism was detected against LRSA.

Combinations revealed complete lung protection in lung-infected LRSA murine model.