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Abstract <p>This study aimed to compare the efficacy of inhaled <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> delivered via oxygen-driven nebulization with oral <i>C. butyricum</i> capsules in preventing drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia, using clinical and microbiological parameters as indicators. A total of 310 patients were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, each participant inhaled <i>C. butyricum</i> via oxygen-driven nebulization and orally took a placebo capsule containing glucose powder. In the control group, each participant inhaled sterile water via oxygen-driven nebulization and orally took a <i>C. butyricum</i> capsule daily. Key outcomes included body temperature, white blood cell (WBC) count, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, chest X ray findings, tracheal tube secretion status, and sputum cultures for <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, ESBL-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>. The incidence of pneumonia was 46.45% (72/155) in the control group, compared to only 1.97% (3/152) in the experimental group (relative risk = 23.54, 95%CI: 7.58–73.08). The experiment group demonstrated significant improvements in clinical parameters, including reduced body temperature, lower WBC counts, and decreased hs-CRP level. Chest X-ray findings and tracheal tube secretion status also improved more markedly in the experiment group. Microbiological analysis revealed a significant reduction in the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in sputum cultures from the experiment group. In conclusion, inhaled <i>C. butyricum</i> delivered via oxygen-driven nebulization appears to be more effective than oral <i>C. butyricum</i> capsules in preventing drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia. These findings suggest that direct delivery of <i>C. butyricum</i> to the respiratory tract via oxygen-driven nebulization may enhance its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, offering a promising strategy for prevention of drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia.</p> Key points <p>• <i>Oxygen-driven nebulization of C. butyricum improved the clinical parameters.</i></p> <p>•&#xa0;<i>Oxygen-driven nebulization of C. butyricum improved tracheal tube secretion status.</i></p> <p>•&#xa0;<i>Oxygen-driven nebulization of C. butyricum reduced pathogenic bacteria production.</i></p>

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Oxygen-driven nebulization of Clostridium butyricum prevents drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月24日

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  • Mei-Hua Zhan,
  • Shuai-Hua Zhan,
  • Hui-Qiang Han,
  • Li-Na Kang,
  • Xin-Gang Yang,
  • A.-Xia Chai

摘要

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of inhaled Clostridium butyricum delivered via oxygen-driven nebulization with oral C. butyricum capsules in preventing drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia, using clinical and microbiological parameters as indicators. A total of 310 patients were randomly assigned to experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, each participant inhaled C. butyricum via oxygen-driven nebulization and orally took a placebo capsule containing glucose powder. In the control group, each participant inhaled sterile water via oxygen-driven nebulization and orally took a C. butyricum capsule daily. Key outcomes included body temperature, white blood cell (WBC) count, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level, chest X ray findings, tracheal tube secretion status, and sputum cultures for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The incidence of pneumonia was 46.45% (72/155) in the control group, compared to only 1.97% (3/152) in the experimental group (relative risk = 23.54, 95%CI: 7.58–73.08). The experiment group demonstrated significant improvements in clinical parameters, including reduced body temperature, lower WBC counts, and decreased hs-CRP level. Chest X-ray findings and tracheal tube secretion status also improved more markedly in the experiment group. Microbiological analysis revealed a significant reduction in the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in sputum cultures from the experiment group. In conclusion, inhaled C. butyricum delivered via oxygen-driven nebulization appears to be more effective than oral C. butyricum capsules in preventing drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia. These findings suggest that direct delivery of C. butyricum to the respiratory tract via oxygen-driven nebulization may enhance its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, offering a promising strategy for prevention of drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia.

Key points

• Oxygen-driven nebulization of C. butyricum improved the clinical parameters.

• Oxygen-driven nebulization of C. butyricum improved tracheal tube secretion status.

• Oxygen-driven nebulization of C. butyricum reduced pathogenic bacteria production.