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<p>Intercropping is a prevalent soil management strategy within walnut orchards, while its impacts on the functionality of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in walnuts (<i>Juglans regia</i>) remain unclear, especially concerning soil carbon (C) sequestration via glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). This study aimed to explore the effects of inoculation with the AMF species <i>Diversispora spurca</i> and intercropping with hairy vetch (<i>Vicia villosa</i>) on walnut biomass accumulation, soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) stability, leaf and root C (C<sub>leaf</sub> and C<sub>root</sub>) content, soil organic carbon (SOC), GRSP, and GRSP-contained C (C<sub>GRSP</sub>), in addition to the contribution rate of C<sub>GRSP</sub> to SOC. The intercropping treatment significantly inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization rate, soil hyphal length, and spore density in AMF-inoculated walnut plants. Individual AMF inoculation, rather than individual intercropping, significantly promoted shoot and root biomass accumulation, WSA stability, SOC, C<sub>leaf</sub> and C<sub>root</sub>, the levels of purified easily extractable (EEG), difficultly extractable (DEG), and total GRSP (TG), as well as their C contents. The combination treatment (AMF inoculation + intercropping) displayed limited benefits, improving just WSA stability without yielding synergistic advantages over individual treatments. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation significantly increased C<sub>GRSP</sub>, especially C<sub>DEG</sub>, while individual intercropping resulted in a reduction of C<sub>DEG</sub>. The combination treatment elevated both C<sub>DEG</sub> and C<sub>TG</sub>, albeit to a lesser extent than AMF alone. The contribution rates of C<sub>EEG</sub>, C<sub>DEG</sub>, and C<sub>TG</sub> to SOC were 0.33% − 0.53%, 1.16% − 1.78%, and 1.49% − 2.31%, respectively. Although AMF inoculation significantly increased the contribution rates of C<sub>DEG</sub> and C<sub>TG</sub> to SOC, this effect was diminished when combined with intercropping. Notably, C<sub>DEG</sub>, rather than C<sub>EEG</sub>, exhibited a significantly positive correlation with SOC and WSA stability. The findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of SOC sequestration in walnuts grown in controlled environments and offer a theoretical basis for the application of AMF in walnut cultivation.</p>

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Hairy Vetch Intercropping Attenuates Mycorrhizal Benefits to Walnut Growth and Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration via Glomalin

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月25日

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  • Xiao-Qing Liu,
  • Xin-Ping An,
  • Wan-Xia He,
  • Xiao-Hong Xu,
  • Abeer Hashem,
  • Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah,
  • Qiang-Sheng Wu

摘要

Intercropping is a prevalent soil management strategy within walnut orchards, while its impacts on the functionality of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in walnuts (Juglans regia) remain unclear, especially concerning soil carbon (C) sequestration via glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP). This study aimed to explore the effects of inoculation with the AMF species Diversispora spurca and intercropping with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) on walnut biomass accumulation, soil water-stable aggregate (WSA) stability, leaf and root C (Cleaf and Croot) content, soil organic carbon (SOC), GRSP, and GRSP-contained C (CGRSP), in addition to the contribution rate of CGRSP to SOC. The intercropping treatment significantly inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization rate, soil hyphal length, and spore density in AMF-inoculated walnut plants. Individual AMF inoculation, rather than individual intercropping, significantly promoted shoot and root biomass accumulation, WSA stability, SOC, Cleaf and Croot, the levels of purified easily extractable (EEG), difficultly extractable (DEG), and total GRSP (TG), as well as their C contents. The combination treatment (AMF inoculation + intercropping) displayed limited benefits, improving just WSA stability without yielding synergistic advantages over individual treatments. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation significantly increased CGRSP, especially CDEG, while individual intercropping resulted in a reduction of CDEG. The combination treatment elevated both CDEG and CTG, albeit to a lesser extent than AMF alone. The contribution rates of CEEG, CDEG, and CTG to SOC were 0.33% − 0.53%, 1.16% − 1.78%, and 1.49% − 2.31%, respectively. Although AMF inoculation significantly increased the contribution rates of CDEG and CTG to SOC, this effect was diminished when combined with intercropping. Notably, CDEG, rather than CEEG, exhibited a significantly positive correlation with SOC and WSA stability. The findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of SOC sequestration in walnuts grown in controlled environments and offer a theoretical basis for the application of AMF in walnut cultivation.